開頭

See also: 开头

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	head; (noun suffix)
trad. (開頭)		開	頭
simp. (开头)		开	头

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kāitóu

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞㄊㄡˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ tau⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khôi-thèu

(Hailu, HRS): koi^ˋ teu
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kai¹ tieo²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khui-thâu / khai-thiô / khai-thâu
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khe-deu; ¹khe ⁶deu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāitóu
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄊㄡˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaitóu
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-tʻou²
  - Yale: kāi-tóu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaitour
  - Palladius: кайтоу (kajtou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (開頭兒 / 开头儿)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāitóur
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄊㄡˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaitóur
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-tʻou²-ʼrh
  - Yale: kāi-tóur
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaitourl
  - Palladius: кайтоур (kajtour)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi¹ tau⁴
  - Yale: hōi tàuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ tau⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ teo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-thèu
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ teu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ teu²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ tʰeu̯¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˋ teu
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi⁵³ tʰeu⁵⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kai¹ tieo² [Phonetic: kai⁵ tieo²]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kai-tá̤u
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵³³⁻¹¹ tʰieu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kai¹ tieo² [Phonetic: kai⁵ tieo²]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ tʰieu²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-thâu
  - Tâi-lô: khui-thâu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qui'taau
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ tʰau²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-thiô
  - Tâi-lô: khai-thiô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qai'tiooi
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ tʰio²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-thâu
  - Tâi-lô: khai-thâu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qai'taau
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹khe-deu; ¹khe ⁶deu
  - MiniDict: khe^平 deu; khe^平 deu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khe-deu; ¹khe ³deu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/, /kʰe⁴⁴ dɤ²³/

Verb

開頭

to start; to begin
以 it開頭的句子／以 it开头的句子 ― yǐ it kāitóu de jùzi ― sentence beginning with "it"

Synonyms

上來／上来 (shànglái)

Noun

開頭

start; beginning

Synonyms

edit

伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
序幕 (xùmù) (figurative)
發端 / 发端 (fāduān)
肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
萌 (literary)
起始 (qǐshǐ)
起頭 / 起头 (qǐtóu)
起頭先 / 起头先 (kī-tàu-sĕng) (Eastern Min)
開始 / 开始 (kāishǐ)
開端 / 开端 (kāiduān)
首端 (shǒuduān)

References

李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 37.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	頭
かい Grade: 3	とう Grade: 2
kan'on

Etymology

Coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements as a compound of 開 (kai, “open”) +‎ 頭 (tō, “head”).

Date of first appearance is uncertain, but this seems to be a relatively modern coinage.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいとー [kàítóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ito̞ː]

Noun

開(かい)頭(とう) • (kaitō)

(medicine) craniotomy: the opening of the skull for surgery

Verb

開(かい)頭(とう)する • (kaitō suru) suru (stem 開(かい)頭(とう)し (kaitō shi), past 開(かい)頭(とう)した (kaitō shita))

(medicine) to craniotomize, to perform a craniotomy: to open the skull for surgery

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開頭する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開頭し	かいとうし	kaitō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開頭し	かいとうし	kaitō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開頭する	かいとうする	kaitō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開頭する	かいとうする	kaitō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開頭すれ	かいとうすれ	kaitō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開頭せよ¹ 開頭しろ²	かいとうせよ¹ かいとうしろ²	kaitō seyo¹ kaitō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開頭される	かいとうされる	kaitō sareru
Causative	開頭させる開頭さす	かいとうさせるかいとうさす	kaitō saseru kaitō sasu
Potential	開頭できる	かいとうできる	kaitō dekiru
Volitional	開頭しよう	かいとうしよう	kaitō shiyō
Negative	開頭しない	かいとうしない	kaitō shinai
Negative continuative	開頭せず	かいとうせず	kaitō sezu
Formal	開頭します	かいとうします	kaitō shimasu
Perfective	開頭した	かいとうした	kaitō shita
Conjunctive	開頭して	かいとうして	kaitō shite
Hypothetical conditional	開頭すれば	かいとうすれば	kaitō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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