Egyptian
FWOTD – 17 August 2022
Other romanization schemes
| Manuel de Codage
|
Ax
|
| Gardiner 1927
|
ꜣḫ
|
| Erman & Grapow 1926
|
ꜣḫ
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| Lepsius 1874 (obsolete)
|
aχ
|
Pronunciation
- (noun meaning ‘akh’): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈʀiːχuw/ → /ˈʀiːχuw/ → /ˈʔiːχə/ → /ˈʔiːχ/
- (verb): (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ʀaːχ/ → /ʀaːχ/ → /ʔaːχ/ → /ʔoːχ/
Noun
m
- akh
- ghost, spectre, spirit of the dead interfering with the living
- Used as an epithet for certain lesser gods and demons [Pyramid Texts]
Inflection
Declension of ꜣḫ (masculine)
| singular
|
ꜣḫ
|
| dual
|
ꜣḫwj
|
| plural
|
ꜣḫw
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣḫ
Descendants
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲓϧ (ix, “demon”)
- → English: akh
Noun
m
- the state of being an akh or qualities pertaining to that state: spiritual power or dignity
- c. 1458 BCE, Biography of Ineni inscribed on a memorial stele in his tomb in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, line 20:[1]
- rn.f nfr m r(ꜣ) ꜥnḫw sḫꜣt.f ꜣḫ.f n ḏt
- His good name will be in the mouths of the living; his memory and his spiritual completeness are for eternity.
- mental faculty or skill
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣḫ
Verb
2-lit.
- (intransitive) to be(come) effective, to be(come) useful
- (intransitive) to be(come) splendid, radiant, glorious
- (intransitive) to be(come) an akh
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜣḫ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣḫ, geminated stem: ꜣḫḫ
| infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
| infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫw, ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫt
|
ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
| stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ꜣḫ
|
ḥr ꜣḫ
|
m ꜣḫ
|
r ꜣḫ
|
| suffix conjugation
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
| aspect / mood
|
active
|
| perfect
|
ꜣḫ.n
|
consecutive
|
ꜣḫ.jn
|
| terminative
|
ꜣḫt
|
| perfective3
|
ꜣḫ
|
obligative1
|
ꜣḫ.ḫr
|
| imperfective
|
ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ1
|
| prospective3
|
ꜣḫ
|
potentialis1
|
ꜣḫ.kꜣ
|
| subjunctive
|
ꜣḫ, j.ꜣḫ1
|
| verbal adjectives
|
| aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
| active
|
active
|
passive
|
| perfect
|
ꜣḫ.n
|
—
|
—
|
| perfective
|
ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫḫ, ꜣḫḫj6, ꜣḫ2, ꜣḫw2 5, ꜣḫy2 5
|
| imperfective
|
j.ꜣḫ1, ꜣḫ, ꜣḫy, ꜣḫw5
|
j.ꜣḫ1, j.ꜣḫw1 5, ꜣḫ, ꜣḫj6, ꜣḫy6
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ꜣḫ, ꜣḫw5
|
| prospective
|
ꜣḫ, ꜣḫtj7
|
ꜣḫtj4, ꜣḫt4
|
1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
5 Only in the masculine singular.
6 Only in the masculine.
7 Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣḫ
|
|
|
|
|
| ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫ
|
ꜣḫ
|
|
|
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
[Old Kingdom]
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Old Coptic: ⲁϧ (ax) (used as a magical name in DM 9,5)[2]
Noun
m
- thicket of papyrus
Inflection
Declension of ꜣḫ (masculine)
| singular
|
ꜣḫ
|
| dual
|
ꜣḫwj
|
| plural
|
ꜣḫw
|
Derived terms
References
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 4
- Allen, James Peter (1984) The Inflection of the Verb in the Pyramid Texts, Malibu, California: Undena Publications, →ISBN, § 728, page 544
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 13.7–15.3, 15.17–16.14, 17.10–17.11, 18.14
- Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 69