ꜥš

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕoːʃ/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
- Conventional anglicization: ash

Verb

2-lit.

(intransitive with n or r or transitive) to summon (someone), to call (someone) over
(intransitive, with n or r) to call out to (someone)
(intransitive, with n or r) to call on (a god) for aid, to invoke
(transitive, Late Egyptian) to specify, to provide (a name), to name names
(transitive, Late Egyptian) to read (something) aloud [since the 19th Dynasty]

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥš (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥš, geminated stem: ꜥšš

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜥš	ꜥšw, ꜥš	ꜥšt	ꜥš, j.ꜥš	ꜥš, j.ꜥš

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜥš	ḥr ꜥš	m ꜥš	r ꜥš

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥš.n	ꜥšw, ꜥš	consecutive	ꜥš.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	ꜥš.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	ꜥšt
perfective³	ꜥš	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	ꜥš.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	ꜥš, j.ꜥš¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	ꜥš.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	ꜥš	ꜥšš	potentialis¹	ꜥš.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	ꜥš	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	ꜥš, j.ꜥš¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥš.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	ꜥš	active + .tj¹, .tw²	ꜥš	ꜥšš, ꜥššj⁶, ꜥš², ꜥšw^{2 5}, ꜥšy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.ꜥš¹, ꜥš, ꜥšy, ꜥšw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.ꜥš¹, j.ꜥšw^{1 5}, ꜥš, ꜥšj⁶, ꜥšy⁶	ꜥš, ꜥšw⁵
prospective	ꜥš, ꜥštj⁷	—	ꜥštj⁴, ꜥšt⁴

¹ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
² Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
³ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
⁴ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. ⁵ Only in the masculine singular.
⁶ Only in the masculine.
⁷ Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Allen considers the form jꜣš a Middle Kingdom development, with the ayin having become a glottal stop;^[1] however, this is in fact the earlier attested variant, and all writings until the 18th Dynasty have ꜣ either instead of or (less commonly) alongside ꜥ. The word only became common in the New Kingdom, however, so that the later renderings as ꜥš are by far the more common variants.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš

jꜣš

jꜣꜥš

jꜥš

ꜥš

ꜥw

[Middle Kingdom]

[18th to 20th Dynasty]

[19th Dynasty]

[New Kingdom]

[22nd Dynasty]

[Greco-Roman Period]

Derived terms

ꜥš ḥꜣt

Descendants

Demotic: ꜥš
- Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
- Bohairic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
- Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
- Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)

Noun

m

call, summons

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Derived terms

mj ꜥš wꜥ
sḏm ꜥš

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
- Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

m

a kind of coniferous tree whose wood and resin were used medicinally, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) [since the Old Kingdom]
the wood of this tree

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš

ꜥš

ꜥw

[Old Kingdom]

[since the Middle Kingdom]

[New Kingdom]

[Greco-Roman Period]

abbreviation

abbreviation, in hieratic

Noun

m

the resin of the ꜥš-tree
Synonym: sfṯ

Derived terms

ḥꜣt-ꜥš
ḥꜣt nt ꜥš

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːʃ/
- Conventional anglicization: ash

Noun

m

(Late Egyptian) beer jug

Inflection

Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular	ꜥš
dual	ꜥšwj
plural	ꜥšw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš

ꜥšw

References

“ꜥš (lemma ID 40890)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 40900)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 40940)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 450173)”, and “ꜥš (lemma ID 40950)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 33, 227.4–227.15, 228.1–228.7
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 8–9, 11, 48–49
James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 182, 258, 362.
Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217

^ Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 47

[1] Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 47

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