Reconstruction:Proto-Austroasiatic/tŋiːʔ

This Proto-Austroasiatic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austroasiatic

Etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *tŋiːʔ (Sidwell, 2024, #AA027)
Proto-Mon-Khmer: *t₂ŋiiʔ (Shorto, 2006, #31)

The Munda reflexes for this item are of the "Northern Austroasiatic" type (with a fricative, affricate or palatal stop), opposed to the more common "non-Northern" type (with alveolar/dental stop). The three "Northern" branches (Khmuic, Palaungic, Khasian) all have non-*t- reflexes here, although they do not always agree: Proto-Khasian *ktʰaŋ vs. Proto-Khmuic *c₁aŋ, Proto-Palaungic *ʦaŋ (“bitter”).

Noun

*tŋiːʔ

day

Descendants

Aslian:
- Southern Aslian
  - Semaq Beri: təŋiʔ
  - Semelai: tɲi
Proto-Bahnaric: *tŋaj (Sidwell, 2011)
- West Bahnaric:
  - Laven:
    - Jru': tŋaj
    - Juk: taŋaj
    - Su: taŋaj
  - Brao: təŋaj
- Central Bahnaric:
  - Alak: taŋaj
  - South Bahnaric:
    - Koho: tơngai
- North Bahnaric:
  - Halang: ngay
Proto-Katuic: *tŋaj (Sidwell, 2005)
- Eastern Katu: t'ngay
- Pacoh: ingay
- Eastern Bru: tangái
- Ta'oi: tŋaj
- Kuy: təŋaj
Proto-Khasian: *sŋiː (Sidwell, 2018)
- Khasi: sngi, 'ngi
Khmeric:
- Khmer: ថ្ងៃ (thngay)
Proto-Khmuic: *cŋi/eʔ (Sidwell, 2013)
- Khmu: sŋiʔ
- Khsing-Mul: cəlŋeː
- Mal: ŋeʔ
Munda:
- North Munda:
  - Santali: ᱥᱤᱧ (siñ)
- Bondo: siŋi
Monic:
- Old Mon: tṅey
  - Mon: တ္ၚဲ (ŋoa)
Proto-Palaungic: *cəŋiːʔ (Sidwell, 2015)
- Riang: sᵊɲiʔ¹
- Palaung:
  - Shwe:
    - Shwe Palaung: ဆငီ
- Plang:
  - La Gang: sà.ŋìʔ
  - Man Noi: sá.ŋíʔ
Proto-Pearic: *tŋiʔ (Headley, 1985)
- Chong: ŋiʔ ("noon")
Proto-Vietic: *-ŋiː (Ferlus, 2007)
- Vietnamese: ngày
→? Old Javanese: taṅhi
- > Javanese: ꦠꦔꦶ (tangi) (inherited)
→? Old Javanese: sṛŋeŋe
- > Javanese: ꦱꦽꦔꦺꦔꦺ (srengéngé, “sun”) (inherited)

References

Shorto, Harry (2006) Sidwell, Paul, Doug Cooper and Christian Bauer, editors, A Mon-Khmer Comparative Dictionary, Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN
Sidwell, Paul (2024) “500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0”, in Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society‎^[1], volume 17, number 1, pages i–xxxiii