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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *ɸare- (before) + *kriniti (“to shake”).
Verb
*ɸarekriniti[1]
- to tremble, shake before something
Inflection
| Suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸarekrinimi
|
*ɸarekrinimam
|
*ɸarekikrīsū
|
*ɸarekikra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸarekrinisi
|
*ɸarekrinitās
|
*ɸarekikrīsesi
|
*ɸarekikras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸarekriniti
|
*ɸarekrinito
|
*ɸarekikrīseti
|
*ɸarekikre
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸarekrinimosi
|
*ɸarekrinimo
|
*ɸarekikrīsomosi
|
*ɸarekikrmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸarekrinitesi
|
*ɸarekrinistē
|
*ɸarekikrīsetesi
|
*ɸarekikre
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸarekrininti
|
*ɸarekrininto
|
*ɸarekikrīsonti
|
*ɸarekikrars
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|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸarekreyasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸarekreyasesi
|
?
|
*ɸarekrini
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸarekreyaseti
|
?
|
*ɸarekrinitou
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸarekreyasomosi
|
?
|
*ɸarekrinimos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸarekreyasetesi
|
?
|
*ɸarekrinite
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸarekreyasonti
|
?
|
*ɸarekrinintou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸarekrinir
|
—
|
*ɸarekikrīsūr
|
*ɸarekikrra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸarekrinitar
|
—
|
*ɸarekikrīsetar
|
*ɸarekikrras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸarekrinitor
|
?
|
*ɸarekikrīsetor
|
*ɸarekikrre
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸarekrinimmor
|
—
|
*ɸarekikrīsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸarekrinidwe
|
—
|
*ɸarekikrīsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸarekrinintor
|
?
|
*ɸarekikrīsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*ɸarekreyasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ɸarekreyasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*ɸarekreyasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*ɸarekreyasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ɸarekreyasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ɸarekreyasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarekrinyonts
|
*ɸarekrinyonte
|
*ɸarekrinyontes
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarekrinyonts
|
*ɸarekrinyonte
|
*ɸarekrinyontes
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarekrinyontam
|
*ɸarekrinyonte
|
*ɸarekrinyontans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarekrinyantos
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarekrinyantei
|
*ɸarekrinyantbom
|
*ɸarekrinyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarekrinyantī?
|
*ɸarekrinyantbim
|
*ɸarekrinyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarekrinyantī
|
*ɸarekrinyantī
|
*ɸarekrinyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarekrinyantī
|
*ɸarekrinyantī
|
*ɸarekrinyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarekrinyantīm
|
*ɸarekrinyantī
|
*ɸarekrinyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarekrinyantyās
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyantyom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarekrinyantyāi
|
*ɸarekrinyantyābom
|
*ɸarekrinyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyantyābim
|
*ɸarekrinyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarekrinyont
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyonta
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarekrinyont
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyonta
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarekrinyont
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyonta
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarekrinyantos
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyantom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarekrinyantei
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarekrinyantī?
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarekrinimnos
|
*ɸarekrinimnou
|
*ɸarekrinimnoi
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarekrinimne
|
*ɸarekrinimnou
|
*ɸarekrinimnoi
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
*ɸarekrinimnou
|
*ɸarekrinimnons
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarekrinimnī
|
*ɸarekrinimnous
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarekrinimnūi
|
*ɸarekrinimnobom
|
*ɸarekrinimnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarekrinimnū
|
*ɸarekrinimnobim
|
*ɸarekrinimnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarekrinimnā
|
*ɸarekrinimnai
|
*ɸarekrinimnās
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarekrinimnā
|
*ɸarekrinimnai
|
*ɸarekrinimnās
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarekrinimnam
|
*ɸarekrinimnai
|
*ɸarekrinimnans
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarekrinimnās
|
*ɸarekrinimnous
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarekrinimnai
|
*ɸarekrinimnābom
|
*ɸarekrinimnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ɸarekrinimnābim
|
*ɸarekrinimnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
*ɸarekrinimnou
|
*ɸarekrinimnā
|
| vocative
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
*ɸarekrinimnou
|
*ɸarekrinimnā
|
| accusative
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
*ɸarekrinimnou
|
*ɸarekrinimnā
|
| genitive
|
*ɸarekrinimnī
|
*ɸarekrinimnous
|
*ɸarekrinimnom
|
| dative
|
*ɸarekrinimnūi
|
*ɸarekrinimnobom
|
*ɸarekrinimnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ɸarekrinimnū
|
*ɸarekrinimnobim
|
*ɸarekrinimnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *ergrɨn (prototonic)
- Old Irish: ara·chrin
- ⇒ Middle Irish: airchranaid, airchraid, airchradaid
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fare-kri-ni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 124