Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/delgeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

LIV (following Vendryes)[1] and KPV[2] assign this to Proto-Indo-European *delǵʰ- (“to become firm”). Matasović says that *dl̥h₁gʰós should not be connected here and assigns no etymology, but also compares Albanian ndal (“to stop”).[3]

Verb

*delgeti

  1. to hold

Inflection

This verb had two present stems attested in Celtic: *delgeti and the *-sḱéti present *dalsketi. Here is the conjugation with *delg-e/o- as the present stem:

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *delgū *delgemam *didlixsū *dalga
2nd singular *delgesi *delgetās *didlixsesi *dalgas?
3rd singular *delgeti *delgeto *didlixseti *dalge
1st plural *delgomosi *delgemo *didlixsomosi *dalgmo
2nd plural *delgetesi *delgestē *didlixsetesi *dalxte
3rd plural *delgonti *delgento *didlixsonti *dalgars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *delxsū ? —
2nd singular *delxsesi ? *delge
3rd singular *delxseti ? *delgetou
1st plural *delxsomosi ? *delgomos
2nd plural *delxsetesi ? *delgete
3rd plural *delxsonti ? *delgontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *delgūr — *didlixsūr *dalgra
2nd singular *delgetar — *didlixsetar *dalgras?
3rd singular *delgetor ? *didlixsetor *dalgre
1st plural *delgommor — *didlixsommor ?
2nd plural *delgedwe — *didlixsedwe ?
3rd plural *delgontor ? *didlixsontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *delxsūr — —
2nd singular *delxsetar — —
3rd singular *delxsetor — —
1st plural *delxsommor — —
2nd plural *delxsedwe — —
3rd plural *delxsontor — —
Declension of the present participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *delgonts *delgonte *delgontes
vocative *delgonts *delgonte *delgontes
accusative *delgontam *delgonte *delgontans
genitive *delgantos *? *delgantom
dative *delgantei *delgantbom *delgantbos
instrumental *delgantī? *delgantbim *delgantbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *delgantī *delgantī *delgantiyās
vocative *delgantī *delgantī *delgantiyās
accusative *delgantīm *delgantī *delgantiyans
genitive *delgantyās *? *delgantyom
dative *delgantyāi *delgantyābom *delgantyābos
instrumental *? *delgantyābim *delgantyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *delgont *? *delgonta
vocative *delgont *? *delgonta
accusative *delgont *? *delgonta
genitive *delgantos *? *delgantom
dative *delgantei *? *delgantbos
instrumental *delgantī? *? *delgantbis
Declension of the middle participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *delgomnos *delgomnou *delgomnoi
vocative *delgomne *delgomnou *delgomnoi
accusative *delgomnom *delgomnou *delgomnons
genitive *delgomnī *delgomnous *delgomnom
dative *delgomnūi *delgomnobom *delgomnobos
instrumental *delgomnū *delgomnobim *delgomnobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *delgomnā *delgomnai *delgomnās
vocative *delgomnā *delgomnai *delgomnās
accusative *delgomnam *delgomnai *delgomnans
genitive *delgomnās *delgomnous *delgomnom
dative *delgomnai *delgomnābom *delgomnābos
instrumental *? *delgomnābim *delgomnābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *delgomnom *delgomnou *delgomnā
vocative *delgomnom *delgomnou *delgomnā
accusative *delgomnom *delgomnou *delgomnā
genitive *delgomnī *delgomnous *delgomnom
dative *delgomnūi *delgomnobom *delgomnobos
instrumental *delgomnū *delgomnobim *delgomnobis
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *dlixtos *dlixtou *dlixtoi
vocative *dlixte *dlixtou *dlixtoi
accusative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtons
genitive *dlixtī *dlixtous *dlixtom
dative *dlixtūi *dlixtobom *dlixtobos
instrumental *dlixtū *dlixtobim *dlixtobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *dlixtā *dlixtai *dlixtās
vocative *dlixtā *dlixtai *dlixtās
accusative *dlixtam *dlixtai *dlixtans
genitive *dlixtās *dlixtous *dlixtom
dative *dlixtai *dlixtābom *dlixtābos
instrumental *? *dlixtābim *dlixtābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtā
vocative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtā
accusative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtā
genitive *dlixtī *dlixtous *dlixtom
dative *dlixtūi *dlixtobom *dlixtobos
instrumental *dlixtū *dlixtobim *dlixtobis

The alternative present stem *dalsketi conjugates as follows:

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *dalskū *dalskemam *didlixsū *dalga
2nd singular *dalskesi *dalsketās *didlixsesi *dalgas?
3rd singular *dalsketi *dalsketo *didlixseti *dalge
1st plural *dalskomosi *dalskemo *didlixsomosi *dalgmo
2nd plural *dalsketesi *dalskestē *didlixsetesi *dalxte
3rd plural *dalskonti *dalskento *didlixsonti *dalgars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *delxsū ? —
2nd singular *delxsesi ? *dalske
3rd singular *delxseti ? *dalsketou
1st plural *delxsomosi ? *dalskomos
2nd plural *delxsetesi ? *dalskete
3rd plural *delxsonti ? *dalskontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *dalskūr — *didlixsūr *dalgra
2nd singular *dalsketar — *didlixsetar *dalgras?
3rd singular *dalsketor ? *didlixsetor *dalgre
1st plural *dalskommor — *didlixsommor ?
2nd plural *dalskedwe — *didlixsedwe ?
3rd plural *dalskontor ? *didlixsontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *delxsūr — —
2nd singular *delxsetar — —
3rd singular *delxsetor — —
1st plural *delxsommor — —
2nd plural *delxsedwe — —
3rd plural *delxsontor — —
Declension of the present participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *dalskonts *dalskonte *dalskontes
vocative *dalskonts *dalskonte *dalskontes
accusative *dalskontam *dalskonte *dalskontans
genitive *dalskantos *? *dalskantom
dative *dalskantei *dalskantbom *dalskantbos
instrumental *dalskantī? *dalskantbim *dalskantbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *dalskantī *dalskantī *dalskantiyās
vocative *dalskantī *dalskantī *dalskantiyās
accusative *dalskantīm *dalskantī *dalskantiyans
genitive *dalskantyās *? *dalskantyom
dative *dalskantyāi *dalskantyābom *dalskantyābos
instrumental *? *dalskantyābim *dalskantyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *dalskont *? *dalskonta
vocative *dalskont *? *dalskonta
accusative *dalskont *? *dalskonta
genitive *dalskantos *? *dalskantom
dative *dalskantei *? *dalskantbos
instrumental *dalskantī? *? *dalskantbis
Declension of the middle participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *dalskomnos *dalskomnou *dalskomnoi
vocative *dalskomne *dalskomnou *dalskomnoi
accusative *dalskomnom *dalskomnou *dalskomnons
genitive *dalskomnī *dalskomnous *dalskomnom
dative *dalskomnūi *dalskomnobom *dalskomnobos
instrumental *dalskomnū *dalskomnobim *dalskomnobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *dalskomnā *dalskomnai *dalskomnās
vocative *dalskomnā *dalskomnai *dalskomnās
accusative *dalskomnam *dalskomnai *dalskomnans
genitive *dalskomnās *dalskomnous *dalskomnom
dative *dalskomnai *dalskomnābom *dalskomnābos
instrumental *? *dalskomnābim *dalskomnābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *dalskomnom *dalskomnou *dalskomnā
vocative *dalskomnom *dalskomnou *dalskomnā
accusative *dalskomnom *dalskomnou *dalskomnā
genitive *dalskomnī *dalskomnous *dalskomnom
dative *dalskomnūi *dalskomnobom *dalskomnobos
instrumental *dalskomnū *dalskomnobim *dalskomnobis
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *dlixtos *dlixtou *dlixtoi
vocative *dlixte *dlixtou *dlixtoi
accusative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtons
genitive *dlixtī *dlixtous *dlixtom
dative *dlixtūi *dlixtobom *dlixtobos
instrumental *dlixtū *dlixtobim *dlixtobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *dlixtā *dlixtai *dlixtās
vocative *dlixtā *dlixtai *dlixtās
accusative *dlixtam *dlixtai *dlixtans
genitive *dlixtās *dlixtous *dlixtom
dative *dlixtai *dlixtābom *dlixtābos
instrumental *? *dlixtābim *dlixtābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtā
vocative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtā
accusative *dlixtom *dlixtou *dlixtā
genitive *dlixtī *dlixtous *dlixtom
dative *dlixtūi *dlixtobom *dlixtobos
instrumental *dlixtū *dlixtobim *dlixtobis

Derived terms

  • *ati-dalsketi
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Middle Welsh: attal
        • Welsh: atal
        • ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymattal
          • Welsh: ymatal, (old spelling) ymattal
  • *kom-dalsketi
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Middle Breton: quenderchell
        • Breton: kenderc'hel
      • Middle Welsh: kynhal, kynnhal, kennal
        • Welsh: cynnal
        • ⇒ Middle Welsh: gogynnal
        • ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymgynnal, ymgynhal, ymgynnhal
          • Welsh: ymgynnal
  • *uɸo-dalsketi
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Old Breton: gudalgoi (3sg. subj.)
  • *kom-delg-om
    • Old Irish: coindelg
      • Middle Irish: condelg
        • Irish: coinnealg

Descendants

In Brittonic, the vowel of *dalsketi somehow hybridized with the consonantism of *delgeti to form *dalgeti. Schumacher thinks this influence spread from the preterite stem *dalg-.[2]

  • Proto-Brythonic:
    • Old Breton: delgim
      • Middle Breton: delc'hel, derchell
        • Breton: derc'hel
    • Middle Welsh: daly, dala, deli
  • Gaulish: delgu (1sg. pres.)

References

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 113
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 271-273
  3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*delg-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 94
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