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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”).
Verb
*gniyeti
- to make
- to do
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gniyū
|
*gniyemam
|
*gignāsū
|
*gegnū
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gniyesi
|
*gniyetās
|
*gignāsesi
|
*gegnūs
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gniyeti
|
*gniyeto
|
*gignāseti
|
*gegnū
|
| 1st plural
|
*gniyomosi
|
*gniyemo
|
*gignāsomosi
|
*gegnamo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gniyetesi
|
*gniyestē
|
*gignāsetesi
|
*gegnate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gniyonti
|
*gniyento
|
*gignāsonti
|
*gegnars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*gnīsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gnīsesi
|
?
|
*gniye
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gnīseti
|
?
|
*gniyetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*gnīsomosi
|
?
|
*gniyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gnīsetesi
|
?
|
*gniyete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gnīsonti
|
?
|
*gniyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gniyūr
|
—
|
*gignāsūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gniyetar
|
—
|
*gignāsetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gniyetor
|
?
|
*gignāsetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*gniyommor
|
—
|
*gignāsommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gniyedwe
|
—
|
*gignāsedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gniyontor
|
?
|
*gignāsontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*gnīsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gnīsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gnīsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*gnīsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gnīsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gnīsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gniyonts
|
*gniyonte
|
*gniyontes
|
| vocative
|
*gniyonts
|
*gniyonte
|
*gniyontes
|
| accusative
|
*gniyontam
|
*gniyonte
|
*gniyontans
|
| genitive
|
*gniyantos
|
*?
|
*gniyantom
|
| dative
|
*gniyantei
|
*gniyantbom
|
*gniyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gniyantī?
|
*gniyantbim
|
*gniyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gniyantī
|
*gniyantī
|
*gniyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*gniyantī
|
*gniyantī
|
*gniyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*gniyantīm
|
*gniyantī
|
*gniyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*gniyantyās
|
*?
|
*gniyantyom
|
| dative
|
*gniyantyāi
|
*gniyantyābom
|
*gniyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gniyantyābim
|
*gniyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gniyont
|
*?
|
*gniyonta
|
| vocative
|
*gniyont
|
*?
|
*gniyonta
|
| accusative
|
*gniyont
|
*?
|
*gniyonta
|
| genitive
|
*gniyantos
|
*?
|
*gniyantom
|
| dative
|
*gniyantei
|
*?
|
*gniyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gniyantī?
|
*?
|
*gniyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gniyomnos
|
*gniyomnou
|
*gniyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*gniyomne
|
*gniyomnou
|
*gniyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*gniyomnom
|
*gniyomnou
|
*gniyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*gniyomnī
|
*gniyomnous
|
*gniyomnom
|
| dative
|
*gniyomnūi
|
*gniyomnobom
|
*gniyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gniyomnū
|
*gniyomnobim
|
*gniyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gniyomnā
|
*gniyomnai
|
*gniyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*gniyomnā
|
*gniyomnai
|
*gniyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*gniyomnam
|
*gniyomnai
|
*gniyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*gniyomnās
|
*gniyomnous
|
*gniyomnom
|
| dative
|
*gniyomnai
|
*gniyomnābom
|
*gniyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gniyomnābim
|
*gniyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gniyomnom
|
*gniyomnou
|
*gniyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*gniyomnom
|
*gniyomnou
|
*gniyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*gniyomnom
|
*gniyomnou
|
*gniyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*gniyomnī
|
*gniyomnous
|
*gniyomnom
|
| dative
|
*gniyomnūi
|
*gniyomnobom
|
*gniyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gniyomnū
|
*gniyomnobim
|
*gniyomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gnatos
|
*gnatou
|
*gnatoi
|
| vocative
|
*gnate
|
*gnatou
|
*gnatoi
|
| accusative
|
*gnatom
|
*gnatou
|
*gnatons
|
| genitive
|
*gnatī
|
*gnatous
|
*gnatom
|
| dative
|
*gnatūi
|
*gnatobom
|
*gnatobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gnatū
|
*gnatobim
|
*gnatobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gnatā
|
*gnatai
|
*gnatās
|
| vocative
|
*gnatā
|
*gnatai
|
*gnatās
|
| accusative
|
*gnatam
|
*gnatai
|
*gnatans
|
| genitive
|
*gnatās
|
*gnatous
|
*gnatom
|
| dative
|
*gnatai
|
*gnatābom
|
*gnatābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gnatābim
|
*gnatābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gnatom
|
*gnatou
|
*gnatā
|
| vocative
|
*gnatom
|
*gnatou
|
*gnatā
|
| accusative
|
*gnatom
|
*gnatou
|
*gnatā
|
| genitive
|
*gnatī
|
*gnatous
|
*gnatom
|
| dative
|
*gnatūi
|
*gnatobom
|
*gnatobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gnatū
|
*gnatobim
|
*gnatobis
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Derived terms
Descendants