Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *ǵenh₁- (perfective)[1][2][3]

    1. to produce, to beget, to give birth

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁- (102 c, 0 e)
    • *ǵénh₁-t ~ *ǵn̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)[3]
      • Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: ծնաւ (cnaw, 3sg.aor. of ծնանիմ (cnanim))
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Proto-Tocharian:
        • Tocharian B: kantär (3sg.subj.mid.)
    • *ǵénh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
          • Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Iranian: *jánati[4]
          • Northeastern Iranian:
            • Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)
              Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)
              Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)
            • Sogdo-Bactrian:
              • Sogdian: (/⁠zan-⁠/)
                Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫗 (zn)
                Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼻‎ (zn‎)
                Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)
              • Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)
          • Southeastern Iranian:
            • Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
          • Northwestern Iranian:
            • Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)
            • Kurdish:
              Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)
              Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-
            • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
              • Caspian:
                • Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)
              • Parthian: (/⁠zāy-, zāyad⁠/, “to give birth to; be born”) [5]
                Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫀𐫏- (zʾy-), 𐫉𐫀𐫏𐫅 (zʾyd)
              • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
                • Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)
                • Zazaki: zayene, za-
          • Southwestern Iranian:
            • Middle Persian: (/⁠zādan, zāy-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/⁠zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to”)
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)
              Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫀𐫅 (zʾd), 𐫉𐫀𐫏- (zʾy-); 𐫉𐫀𐫏𐫗- (zʾyn-) [5]
              • Classical Persian: زادن (zādan), زاییدن (zâyidan), زای (zây-); زایانیدن (zâyânidan, “to be born”)
                • Dari: زادن (zādan)
                • Iranian Persian: زادن (zādan)
                • Tajik: зодан (zodan)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
      • Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
          • Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
        • Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
          • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiieiti) (with shortened vowel and active ending)
    • *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti, “to give birth”, 3pl.pres.ind.)
          • Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
      • Proto-Italic: *gignō
        • Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)
    • *ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
    • *ǵeǵónh₁e ~ *ǵeǵn̥h₁ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Tocharian: *käkænā-[7][8]
        • Tocharian B: kānare (3pl.pret.act.)
    • *ǵonh₁-éye-ti (éye-causative)
      • Proto-Germanic: *kanjaną
        • Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHáyati
    • *ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
    • *ǵónh₁-o-s
    • *ǵonh₁-éh₂
      • Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
    • *ǵenh₁-ó-s (“born”)
    • *ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
    • *ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
      • Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
    • *ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
    • *ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
    • *ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
    • *ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
    • *ǵn̥h₁-yo-
      • Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
    • *ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
    • *ǵenh₁-dʰl-
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)
    • *pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
      • Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) [9]
        • Eastern Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
        • Northeastern Iranian:
          • Sogdo-Bactrian:
            • Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
            • Sogdian: (/⁠βzāntak⁠/, “child”) (from *frazantaka) [10]
              Sogdian script: 𐼱𐼼𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼸‎ (βsʾntʾk‎), 𐼱𐼼𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼸‎ (βsʾntk‎)
        • Southeastern Iranian:
          • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
            • Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
            • Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
              • Bartangi-Oroshori:
                • Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
                • Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
              • Roshani-Khufi:
                • Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
                • Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
        • Northwestern Iranian:
          • Parthian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
            Parthian: 𐫜𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (frzynd)
        • Southwestern Iranian:
          • Middle Persian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)
            Manichaean script: 𐫜𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (frzynd), 𐫛𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (przynd)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
        • Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Indo-Iranian:
        • Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)
          • Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
          • Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
          • Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
          • Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
          • Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
          • Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
          • Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
          • Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
          • Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
          • Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
          • Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
            • Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
            • Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
          • Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
          • Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
          • Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
          • Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
          • Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
          • Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
          • Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
          • Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
          • Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
          • Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gignō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 260-1
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 163-5
    4. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zanH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-6
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionary Of Manichaean Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
    6. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γίγνομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-3
    7. ^ Malzahn, Melanie (2010) The Tocharian Verbal System, Leiden: Brill, page 570
    8. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎[2], page 24
    9. ^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
    10. ^ Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112
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