Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kengeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Two major etymologies exist.

A more modern theory derives this from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp, walk lamely”), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek σκάζω (skázō) and Proto-Germanic *hinkaną.^[1]^[2]
A traditional theory derives this verb from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to walk, step”), relating this word to Proto-Germanic *ganganą. To arrive at the Celtic form, a dissimilatory devoicing would have to be assumed.^[3]

Both etymologies suffer from flaws.^[4]

Derivatives of *(s)keng- usually have negative connotations of lameness across Indo-European, but this is contradicted in Celtic by the derivative *kengets (“warrior”), which has heroic connotations. This forces Schumacher to posit a basic meaning "walk" for *(s)keng- and to assume that the connotations of lameness was only secondarily acquired in daughter languages.
On the other hand, *ǵʰengʰ- requires an irregular dissimilation to be posited, even though the semantics are closer to the Celtic verb.

Verb

*kengeti

to step

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*kengū	*kengemam	*kikanxsū	*kekonga
2nd singular	*kengesi	*kengetās	*kikanxsesi	*kekongas?
3rd singular	*kengeti	*kengeto	*kikanxseti	*kekonge
1st plural	*kengomosi	*kengemo	*kikanxsomosi	*kekongmo
2nd plural	*kengetesi	*kengestē	*kikanxsetesi	*kekonxte
3rd plural	*kengonti	*kengento	*kikanxsonti	*kekongars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*kenxsū	?	—
2nd singular	*kenxsesi	?	*kenge
3rd singular	*kenxseti	?	*kengetou
1st plural	*kenxsomosi	?	*kengomos
2nd plural	*kenxsetesi	?	*kengete
3rd plural	*kenxsonti	?	*kengontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*kengūr	—	*kikanxsūr	*kekongra
2nd singular	*kengetar	—	*kikanxsetar	*kekongras?
3rd singular	*kengetor	?	*kikanxsetor	*kekongre
1st plural	*kengommor	—	*kikanxsommor	?
2nd plural	*kengedwe	—	*kikanxsedwe	?
3rd plural	*kengontor	?	*kikanxsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*kenxsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*kenxsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*kenxsetor	—	—
1st plural	*kenxsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*kenxsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*kenxsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kengonts	*kengonte	*kengontes
vocative	*kengonts	*kengonte	*kengontes
accusative	*kengontam	*kengonte	*kengontans
genitive	*kengantos	*?	*kengantom
dative	*kengantei	*kengantbom	*kengantbos
instrumental	*kengantī?	*kengantbim	*kengantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kengantī	*kengantī	*kengantiyās
vocative	*kengantī	*kengantī	*kengantiyās
accusative	*kengantīm	*kengantī	*kengantiyans
genitive	*kengantyās	*?	*kengantyom
dative	*kengantyāi	*kengantyābom	*kengantyābos
instrumental	*?	*kengantyābim	*kengantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kengont	*?	*kengonta
vocative	*kengont	*?	*kengonta
accusative	*kengont	*?	*kengonta
genitive	*kengantos	*?	*kengantom
dative	*kengantei	*?	*kengantbos
instrumental	*kengantī?	*?	*kengantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kengomnos	*kengomnou	*kengomnoi
vocative	*kengomne	*kengomnou	*kengomnoi
accusative	*kengomnom	*kengomnou	*kengomnons
genitive	*kengomnī	*kengomnous	*kengomnom
dative	*kengomnūi	*kengomnobom	*kengomnobos
instrumental	*kengomnū	*kengomnobim	*kengomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kengomnā	*kengomnai	*kengomnās
vocative	*kengomnā	*kengomnai	*kengomnās
accusative	*kengomnam	*kengomnai	*kengomnans
genitive	*kengomnās	*kengomnous	*kengomnom
dative	*kengomnai	*kengomnābom	*kengomnābos
instrumental	*?	*kengomnābim	*kengomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kengomnom	*kengomnou	*kengomnā
vocative	*kengomnom	*kengomnou	*kengomnā
accusative	*kengomnom	*kengomnou	*kengomnā
genitive	*kengomnī	*kengomnous	*kengomnom
dative	*kengomnūi	*kengomnobom	*kengomnobos
instrumental	*kengomnū	*kengomnobim	*kengomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kanxtos	*kanxtou	*kanxtoi
vocative	*kanxte	*kanxtou	*kanxtoi
accusative	*kanxtom	*kanxtou	*kanxtons
genitive	*kanxtī	*kanxtous	*kanxtom
dative	*kanxtūi	*kanxtobom	*kanxtobos
instrumental	*kanxtū	*kanxtobim	*kanxtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kanxtā	*kanxtai	*kanxtās
vocative	*kanxtā	*kanxtai	*kanxtās
accusative	*kanxtam	*kanxtai	*kanxtans
genitive	*kanxtās	*kanxtous	*kanxtom
dative	*kanxtai	*kanxtābom	*kanxtābos
instrumental	*?	*kanxtābim	*kanxtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kanxtom	*kanxtou	*kanxtā
vocative	*kanxtom	*kanxtou	*kanxtā
accusative	*kanxtom	*kanxtou	*kanxtā
genitive	*kanxtī	*kanxtous	*kanxtom
dative	*kanxtūi	*kanxtobom	*kanxtobos
instrumental	*kanxtū	*kanxtobim	*kanxtobis

Derived terms

*kanxsman
*kengets
*ɸro-kengom
- Middle Welsh: rygyng, rygig (“amble, walk”, noun)
  - Welsh: rhygyng

Descendants

Old Irish: cingid, ·cing
- Irish: cinn

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*keng-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 200
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 399
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 175
^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 173