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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to nod, assent”).
Verb
*noweti[2]
- to nod
- to assent to
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*nowū
|
*nowemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*nowesi
|
*nowetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*noweti
|
*noweto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*nowomosi
|
*nowemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*nowetesi
|
*nowestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*nowonti
|
*nowento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*nowasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*nowasesi
|
?
|
*nowe
|
| 3rd singular
|
*nowaseti
|
?
|
*nowetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*nowasomosi
|
?
|
*nowomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*nowasetesi
|
?
|
*nowete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*nowasonti
|
?
|
*nowontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*nowūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*nowetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*nowetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*nowommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*nowedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*nowontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*nowasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*nowasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*nowasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*nowasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*nowasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*nowasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*nowonts
|
*nowonte
|
*nowontes
|
| vocative
|
*nowonts
|
*nowonte
|
*nowontes
|
| accusative
|
*nowontam
|
*nowonte
|
*nowontans
|
| genitive
|
*nowantos
|
*?
|
*nowantom
|
| dative
|
*nowantei
|
*nowantbom
|
*nowantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*nowantī?
|
*nowantbim
|
*nowantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*nowantī
|
*nowantī
|
*nowantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*nowantī
|
*nowantī
|
*nowantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*nowantīm
|
*nowantī
|
*nowantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*nowantyās
|
*?
|
*nowantyom
|
| dative
|
*nowantyāi
|
*nowantyābom
|
*nowantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*nowantyābim
|
*nowantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*nowont
|
*?
|
*nowonta
|
| vocative
|
*nowont
|
*?
|
*nowonta
|
| accusative
|
*nowont
|
*?
|
*nowonta
|
| genitive
|
*nowantos
|
*?
|
*nowantom
|
| dative
|
*nowantei
|
*?
|
*nowantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*nowantī?
|
*?
|
*nowantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*nowomnos
|
*nowomnou
|
*nowomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*nowomne
|
*nowomnou
|
*nowomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*nowomnom
|
*nowomnou
|
*nowomnons
|
| genitive
|
*nowomnī
|
*nowomnous
|
*nowomnom
|
| dative
|
*nowomnūi
|
*nowomnobom
|
*nowomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*nowomnū
|
*nowomnobim
|
*nowomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*nowomnā
|
*nowomnai
|
*nowomnās
|
| vocative
|
*nowomnā
|
*nowomnai
|
*nowomnās
|
| accusative
|
*nowomnam
|
*nowomnai
|
*nowomnans
|
| genitive
|
*nowomnās
|
*nowomnous
|
*nowomnom
|
| dative
|
*nowomnai
|
*nowomnābom
|
*nowomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*nowomnābim
|
*nowomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*nowomnom
|
*nowomnou
|
*nowomnā
|
| vocative
|
*nowomnom
|
*nowomnou
|
*nowomnā
|
| accusative
|
*nowomnom
|
*nowomnou
|
*nowomnā
|
| genitive
|
*nowomnī
|
*nowomnous
|
*nowomnom
|
| dative
|
*nowomnūi
|
*nowomnobom
|
*nowomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*nowomnū
|
*nowomnobim
|
*nowomnobis
|
Derived terms
- *ati-noweti
- Old Irish: ad·noí
- Middle Irish: aithnid
- Irish: aithin (“to bid, command”)
- Scottish Gaelic: àithn (“to command, order, bid”)
- *ati-now-om
- *dī-noweti
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Breton: dinouam (1sg. present)
- Middle Cornish: dynwa (3sg. subjunctive)
- Middle Welsh: dineu
- *ambi-ad-noweti
- Old Irish: imm·ánai (“to bequeath”)
- *exs-noweti
- *to-ambi-noweti
- Old Irish: do·imnai (“to entrust, command”)
- *to-ambi-now-om
- *uɸor-dī-noweti
- *writ-noweti
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 295
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 492-493