Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/ilman

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

From *ilma (“air”), more specifically an instructive (*-n) or genitive (*-n) singular form.

Preposition

*ilman

  1. without

Usage notes

In most languages, this preposition governs the abessive case; this was probably also the case in Proto-Finnic, where this preposition may have first been emphatic. In some languages, this governs the partitive case instead.

Descendants

  • Estonian: ilma
  • Finnish: ilman
  • Ingrian: ilman
  • Livonian: ilmõ
  • Veps: ilma
  • Võro: ilma
  • Votic: ilma

From *ilmain (influence from instructive plural?):

  • Karelian:
    • North Karelian: ilmain
    • South Karelian: ilmain (dialectal)
  • Livvi: ilmai
  • Ludian: ilmai

Further reading

  • Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), “ilman”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎[1] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
  • “ilma”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
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