Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þerbaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to be stiff”). Cognate with Lithuanian tir̃pti (“to stiffen”), Latin torpeō (“to be stiff”), Old Church Slavonic трупети (trupeti, “to suffer”).^[1]

Older theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terbʰ- (“rigid; stiff; restricted; tight”), from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθer.βɑz/

Adjective

*þerbaz

unleavened (of bread)
fresh (of liquid)

Inflection

Declension of *þerbaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*þerbaz	*þerbō	*þerbą, -atō	*þerbai	*þerbôz	*þerbō
accusative	*þerbanǭ	*þerbǭ	*þerbą, -atō	*þerbanz	*þerbōz	*þerbō
genitive	*þerbas, -is	*þerbaizōz	*þerbas, -is	*þerbaizǫ̂	*þerbaizǫ̂	*þerbaizǫ̂
dative	*þerbammai	*þerbaizōi	*þerbammai	*þerbaimaz	*þerbaimaz	*þerbaimaz
instrumental	*þerbanō	*þerbaizō	*þerbanō	*þerbaimiz	*þerbaimiz	*þerbaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*þerbô	*þerbǭ	*þerbô	*þerbaniz	*þerbōniz	*þerbōnō
accusative	*þerbanų	*þerbōnų	*þerbô	*þerbanunz	*þerbōnunz	*þerbōnō
genitive	*þerbiniz	*þerbōniz	*þerbiniz	*þerbanǫ̂	*þerbōnǫ̂	*þerbanǫ̂
dative	*þerbini	*þerbōni	*þerbini	*þerbammaz	*þerbōmaz	*þerbammaz
instrumental	*þerbinē	*þerbōnē	*þerbinē	*þerbammiz	*þerbōmiz	*þerbammiz

Descendants

Old English: þeorf, þorof
- Middle English: therf, tharf, tharfe, therfe, þarf, þerf, þerfe, þeorrf (Ormulum)
  - English: tharf (obsolete)
  - Scots: tharf, therf
Old Frisian: therf, derf; therve, derve
- North Frisian: terew, serew
Old Saxon: thervi, tharvi
- Middle Low German: derve
Old Dutch: *therf
- Middle Dutch: derf
  - Dutch: derf (obsolete)
Old High German: derb, derp
- Middle High German: derp
  - German: derb
Old Norse: þjarfr
- Icelandic: þjarfur
- Norwegian Bokmål: tjerv
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tjerv
- Swedish: kärv

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 538

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þerba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 538

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