Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þweraną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twérH-e-ti, from *(s)twerH- (“to stir; to propel”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθwe.rɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þweraną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to swirl, turn, stir

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þwerō	*þweraų	—	*þwerai	?
2nd singular	*þwirizi	*þweraiz	*þwer	*þwerazai	*þweraizau
3rd singular	*þwiridi	*þwerai	*þweradau	*þweradai	*þweraidau
1st dual	*þwerōz	*þweraiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þweradiz	*þweraidiz	*þweradiz	—	—
1st plural	*þweramaz	*þweraim	—	*þwerandai	*þweraindau
2nd plural	*þwirid	*þweraid	*þwirid	*þwerandai	*þweraindau
3rd plural	*þwerandi	*þwerain	*þwerandau	*þwerandai	*þweraindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þwar	*þwērį̄
2nd singular	*þwart	*þwērīz
3rd singular	*þwar	*þwērī
1st dual	*þwērū	*þwērīw
2nd dual	*þwērudiz	*þwērīdiz
1st plural	*þwērum	*þwērīm
2nd plural	*þwērud	*þwērīd
3rd plural	*þwērun	*þwērīn

	present	past
participles	*þwerandz	*þuranaz

Derived terms

*þurjaną
*þwarô
- Old Norse: þvari
*þwarǭ
- Old Norse: þvara
*þwēriz
*þwirilaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þweran
- Old English: þweran
- Old Saxon: *thweran
  - Middle Low German: dwēren
    - German Low German: dweren
- Old High German: *dweran, *tweran
  - Middle High German: dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn, thueran, tuiran, dueran
    - German: zweren (obsolete)
    - Bavarian: zweren
Old Norse: *þwera
- Norwegian: tvære
- Swedish: tvära (dialectal)
- Danish: tvære

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þweranan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “ÞWER-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 528

[Kroonen-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þweran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555

[Orel-2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þweranan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 432

[Seebold-3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “ÞWER-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 528

[1]

[2]

[3]