Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwerhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”); compare Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist”). Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic *térkʷos to *twérkos.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθwer.xɑz/

Adjective

*þwerhaz

cross, adverse

Inflection

Declension of *þwerhaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*þwerhaz	*þwerhō	*þwerhą, -atō	*þwerhai	*þwerhôz	*þwerhō
accusative	*þwerhanǭ	*þwerhǭ	*þwerhą, -atō	*þwerhanz	*þwerhōz	*þwerhō
genitive	*þwerhas, -is	*þwerhaizōz	*þwerhas, -is	*þwerhaizǫ̂	*þwerhaizǫ̂	*þwerhaizǫ̂
dative	*þwerhammai	*þwerhaizōi	*þwerhammai	*þwerhaimaz	*þwerhaimaz	*þwerhaimaz
instrumental	*þwerhanō	*þwerhaizō	*þwerhanō	*þwerhaimiz	*þwerhaimiz	*þwerhaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*þwerhô	*þwerhǭ	*þwerhô	*þwerhaniz	*þwerhōniz	*þwerhōnō
accusative	*þwerhanų	*þwerhōnų	*þwerhô	*þwerhanunz	*þwerhōnunz	*þwerhōnō
genitive	*þwerhiniz	*þwerhōniz	*þwerhiniz	*þwerhanǫ̂	*þwerhōnǫ̂	*þwerhanǫ̂
dative	*þwerhini	*þwerhōni	*þwerhini	*þwerhammaz	*þwerhōmaz	*þwerhammaz
instrumental	*þwerhinē	*þwerhōnē	*þwerhinē	*þwerhammiz	*þwerhōmiz	*þwerhammiz

Derived terms

*þwerhōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þwerh
- Old English: þweorh, þwerh
  - Middle English: thwīre, thwyre
- Old Frisian: þweres (adverb)
  - West Frisian: twer
- Old Saxon: thwerh, ðwerh
  - Middle Low German: dwer, dwers, queer
    - Low German: dweer, dwars, quars; (> verquars)
      - → German: verquast
    - → Middle English: dwere, dwire
    - → Scots: queer
      - → English: queer, qwer (Bermuda)
        → Azerbaijani: kuir
        → Danish: queer
        → Esperanto: kvira
        → French: queer
        → Georgian: ქვიარი (kviari)
        → German: queer, Queer
        → Hebrew: קוויר
        → Hungarian: queer
        → Latvian: queer, kvīrs
        → Japanese: クィア (kuia)
        → Polish: queer
        → Portuguese: queer, cuir, cuír
        → Russian: квир (kvir)
        → Serbo-Croatian: queer, kvir, квир
        → Slovene: kwir
        → Spanish: queer, cuir
        → Swedish: queer
        → Tamil: குயர் (kuyar)
        → Turkish: queer, kuir
        → Ukrainian: квір (kvir)
        → Yiddish: קוויר (kvir)
- Old Dutch: *thwerh, *thwerhes
  - Middle Dutch: dwer, dwers, dwersch, dwāers
    - Dutch: dwars
      - Afrikaans: dwars
- Old High German: dwerah
  - Middle High German: dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer
    - Alemannic German: Twër
    - German: quer (Central German); zwerch (Upper German; still in Zwerchfell)
      - → Swedish: kvär^[2] (dated)
      - → Danish: kvær^[3] (dated)
        → Norwegian Bokmål: kvær^[4] (dated)
    - Luxembourgish: queesch
    - Vilamovian: twar
Old Norse: þverr
- Icelandic: þver
- Faroese: tvørur
- Danish: tvær
- Norwegian: tverr
- Old Swedish: þvær, þvar
  - Swedish: tvär
- ⇒ Old Norse: þvert
  - Danish: tvært
  - → Middle English: thwert
    - English: thwart
Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃 (þwairhs)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þwerha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556
^ kvär in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
^ “kvär” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog
^ “kvær” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*þwerha-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 556

[2] vär in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

[3] “kvär” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

[4] “kvær” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

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