Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/draugiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”). Related to Proto-Germanic *druknaz (“dry”); see there for more.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdrɑu̯.ɣiz/

Adjective

*draugiz

hard, solid
(West Germanic) dry

Inflection

Declension of *draugiz (i-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*draugiz	*draugī	draugį, -jatō	*draugijai	*draugijôz	*draugijō
accusative	*draugijanǭ	*draugijǭ	draugį, -jatō	*draugijanz	*draugijōz	*draugijō
genitive	draugijas, draugīs	*draugijaizōz	draugijas, draugīs	*draugijaizǫ̂	*draugijaizǫ̂	*draugijaizǫ̂
dative	*draugijammai	*draugijaizōi	*draugijammai	*draugijaimaz	*draugijaimaz	*draugijaimaz
instrumental	*draugijanō	*draugijaizō	*draugijanō	*draugijaimiz	*draugijaimiz	*draugijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*draugijô	*draugijǭ	*draugijô	*draugijaniz	*draugijōniz	*draugijōnō
accusative	*draugijanų	*draugijōnų	*draugijô	*draugijanunz	*draugijōnunz	*draugijōnō
genitive	*draugīniz	*draugijōniz	*draugīniz	*draugijanǫ̂	*draugijōnǫ̂	*draugijanǫ̂
dative	*draugīni	*draugijōni	*draugīni	*draugijammaz	*draugijōmaz	*draugijammaz
instrumental	*draugīnē	*draugijōnē	*draugīnē	*draugijammiz	*draugijōmiz	*draugijammiz

Derived terms

*drauhnōną

Related terms

*drūgiz
*druhnaz, *druknaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *draugī
- Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *drūgī)
  - Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
    - English: dry
    - Scots: dry, drey
- Old Saxon: *drōgi
  - Middle Low German: drôge
    - Low German: dröög, dröge
      - → German: dröge
- Old Dutch: *drougi, *drōgi
  - Middle Dutch: drôghe
    - Dutch: droog
      - Afrikaans: droog
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: droko
      - Negerhollands: droog, drok
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: dróg
      - → West Frisian: droech
⇒ Old Norse: draugr
- Icelandic: draugur

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*draugja- ~ *drūgja- ~ *drukknu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*draugja- ~ *drūgja- ~ *drukknu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100

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