Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *dʰer- (perfective)[1][2]

    1. to support
    2. to hold

    Extensions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer- (25 c, 0 e)
    • *dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)[2][3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta
          • Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s, 2sg.inj.med.)
        • Iranian: *Hádr̥ta
          • Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dərətā, 3sg.inj.med.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.opt.med.)
    • *dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)[2][4]
    • *dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)[2][3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰidʰarti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *didʰarti
          • Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)
        • Proto-Iranian: *didarti
          • (perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδārəmna-)
    • *dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)[2][3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰā́ra
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰā́ra
          • Sanskrit: दाधार (dādhā́ra) / दधार (dadhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)
        • Proto-Iranian: *dādāra
          • Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)
            Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)
    • *dʰor-éyeti (eye-iterative)[2][3][5]
    • *dʰér-mn̥
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā
    • *dʰér-mos[6]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas
          • Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)
      • Lithuanian: darna
      • Proto-Italic: *fermos
        • Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰer-o-[7]
    • *dʰr-eh₁-nom[8]
      • Proto-Italic: *frēnom
        • Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰr-eh₁-tos[9]
      • Proto-Italic: *frētos
        • Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Celtic:
      • Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)
    • Germanic:
    • Hellenic
      • Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)
      • Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)
      • Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)
      • Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “dher-, dherə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 252-254
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 145-146
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*dar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-59
    4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “derėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
    5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “daryti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
    6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “firmus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 223
    7. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ferē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212
    8. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frēnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 241-242
    9. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frētus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 242-243
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