Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dьržati

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dirg-/*dеrg-.

Per Derksen and Vasmer, from earlier *dьrg-ěti, from extension of Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- or *der-.
- Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬉 (dražaitē, “to hold”), inf. 𐬛𐬭𐬁𐬘𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬈 (drājaŋhe). Further cognates are either:
  - *dʰer-: Lithuanian derė́ti, Sanskrit धारयति (dhāráyati, “to hold”), Latin firmus, Old Persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎫𐎡𐎹 (d-a-r-y-t-i-y /⁠dārayatiy⁠/)
  - *der-: Ancient Greek δράσσομαι (drássomai), Attic δράττομαι (dráttomai, “to seize, to grab”), which is (per Vasmer) cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrgati (“to pull”), from [extension of] Proto-Indo-European *der- (> *dьrati (“to tear”)).
Trubachev discusses the above etymology but discounts it in favor of reconstructing earlier *dьrz-jati, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ-. But usually suffix -ja- is found in verbs derived from -i- + *-ati. Conjugation -ja/i- or -ja/j-? is unusual (unless it was influenced by -ě/i-).
- Cognate with Lithuanian dir̃žti (“to harden, to become tough”), 1sg. diržù, Sanskrit दृह्यति (dṛ́hyati, “to be strong”), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (dar^əzaiieⁱti, “to link, to tie”), Old Latin forctis (“strong”) (Latin fortis).

Verb

*dьržati impf^[1]^[2]

to hold

Inflection

Conjugation of *dьržati, *dьrža, *dьržitь (impf., -ě/i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*dьržanьje	*dьržati	*dьržatъ	*dьržalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*dьržanъ	*dьržimъ
Active	*dьržavъ	*dьržę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dьržaxъ	*dьrža	*dьrža	*dьržǫ	*dьržiši	*dьržitь
Dual	*dьržaxově	*dьržasta	*dьržaste	*dьrživě	*dьržita	*dьržite
Plural	*dьržaxomъ	*dьržaste	*dьržašę	*dьržimъ	*dьržite	*dьržętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*dьržaaxъ	*dьržaaše	*dьržaaše	—	*dьrži	*dьrži
Dual	*dьržaaxově	*dьržaašeta	*dьržaašete	*dьrživě	*dьržita	—
Plural	*dьržaaxomъ	*dьržaašete	*dьržaaxǫ	*dьržimъ	*dьržite	—

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дьржати (dĭržati), держати (deržati)
  - Old Ruthenian: держати (deržati)
    - Belarusian: дзіржа́ць (dziržácʹ) (dialectal)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: держа́ти (deržáty)
    - Ukrainian: держа́ти (deržáty)
  - Russian: держа́ть (deržátʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: дрьжати (drĭžati), дръжати (drŭžati)
- → Old East Slavic: дрьжати (drĭžati), дръжати (drŭžati)
- Bulgarian: държа́ (dǎržá)
- Macedonian: држи (drži)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: др̀жати
  
  Latin script: dr̀žati
- Slovene: dŕžati (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: držěti
  - Czech: držet
- Polabian: dirzĕt
- Old Polish: dzierżeć
  - Polish: dzierżyć (archaic)
- Slovak: držať
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: dźeržeć
  - Lower Sorbian: źaržaś

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dьržati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137: “v. (c) ‘hold’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “dьržati: dьržjǫ dьržitь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c holde (PR 139)”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dьržati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137: “v. (c) ‘hold’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “dьržati: dьržjǫ dьržitь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c holde (PR 139)”

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