Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flōaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*flōwaną^[1]
*flōāną (weak verb)

Etymology

Possibly from a pre-form *plōw-, the lengthened o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to flow, swim”) or perhaps *pleh₃(w)-.^[2] Alternatively, from *pleh₃-,^[3]

Kroonen explains the alternation between -w- (in Anglo-Saxon) and -j- (in Low German) as a result of hiatus after the regular loss of *u after *ō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*flōaną^[2]

to flow

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 7e)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*flōō	*flōaų	—	*flōai	?
2nd singular	*flōizi	*flōaiz	*flō	*flōazai	*flōaizau
3rd singular	*flōidi	*flōai	*flōadau	*flōadai	*flōaidau
1st dual	*flōōz	*flōaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*flōadiz	*flōaidiz	*flōadiz	—	—
1st plural	*flōamaz	*flōaim	—	*flōandai	*flōaindau
2nd plural	*flōid	*flōaid	*flōid	*flōandai	*flōaindau
3rd plural	*flōandi	*flōain	*flōandau	*flōandai	*flōaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*feflō	*feflōį̄
2nd singular	*feflōt	*feflōīz
3rd singular	*feflō	*feflōī
1st dual	*feflōū	*feflōīw
2nd dual	*feflōudiz	*feflōīdiz
1st plural	*feflōum	*feflōīm
2nd plural	*feflōud	*feflōīd
3rd plural	*feflōun	*feflōīn

	present	past
participles	*flōandz	*flōanaz

Derived terms

*flōô
- Old Norse: flói
  - Icelandic: flói
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: flo (“puddle, pool”)
  - Swedish: (dialectal) floe, flo (“puddle, pool”)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *flōan
- Old English: flōwan
  - Middle English: flowen, floȝen, flouen, flowe, flue, flwy, flowenn (Ormulum)
    - English: flow
    - Scots: flow, flou
- Old Frisian: *flōja
  - Saterland Frisian: flouje
  - West Frisian: floeie
- Old Saxon: *flōian
  - Middle Low German: vlôien, vlôigen, vlôgen
    - Low German: floien, flojen
- Old Dutch: *fluoien
  - Middle Dutch: vloeyen
    - Dutch: vloeien
      - Afrikaans: vloei
    - Limburgish: vlöjje
Old Norse: flóa
- Icelandic: flóa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: flo
- Swedish: floa (dialectal)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “flōwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*flōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “vloeien”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[3] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “flōwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[Kroonen-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*flōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147

[3] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “vloeien”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[3] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[1]

[2]

[3]