Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/framjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *framaz +‎ *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *pró-mo-s, from *pró (“toward, leading to”).^[1] Compare Latin framea (“spear”) probably from *framjō (literally “forward going one”).^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸrɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*framjaną

to promote, to further

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*framjō	*framjaų	—	*framjai	?
2nd singular	*framisi	*framjais	*frami	*framjasai	*framjaisau
3rd singular	*framiþi	*framjai	*framjaþau	*framjaþai	*framjaiþau
1st dual	*framjōs	*framjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*framjaþiz	*framjaiþiz	*framjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*framjamaz	*framjaim	—	*framjanþai	*framjainþau
2nd plural	*framiþ	*framjaiþ	*framiþ	*framjanþai	*framjainþau
3rd plural	*framjanþi	*framjain	*framjanþau	*framjanþai	*framjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*framidǭ	*framidēdį̄
2nd singular	*framidēz	*framidēdīz
3rd singular	*framidē	*framidēdī
1st dual	*framidēdū	*framidēdīw
2nd dual	*framidēdudiz	*framidēdīdiz
1st plural	*framidēdum	*framidēdīm
2nd plural	*framidēdud	*framidēdīd
3rd plural	*framidēdun	*framidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*framjandz	*framidaz

Related terms

*fram
*framį̄
*framô

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *frammjan
- Old English: fremman
  - Middle English: fremmen
    - English: frame
      - → Dutch: frame
      - → German: framen
    - Scots: frame
- Old Frisian: frema, fremma
- Old Saxon: fremmian
- Old Dutch: fremmen
  - Middle Dutch: vrēmen
- Old High German: fremmen
Old Norse: fremja
- Icelandic: fremja
- Faroese: fremja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: fremja
- Old Swedish: fræmia, fræmmia
  - Swedish: främja
- Old Danish: fræmdær (past participle)
  - Middle Danish: fræmmæ, fræmiæ
    - Danish: fremme
      - Norwegian Bokmål: fremme
        → Norwegian Nynorsk: fremma

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*framjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111
^ Rübekeil, Ludwig (2017–2018) “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The dialectology of Germanic, page 990

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*framjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111

[2] Rübekeil, Ludwig (2017–2018) “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The dialectology of Germanic, page 990

[1]

[2]