Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *per- (“before”) +‎ *-o (allative suffix).

Adverb

*pró^[1]^[2]

toward, leading to

Derived terms

*pro- (prefix)
*pró-ti
*pró-o > *prṓ (with double suffix)^[2] or *pro-h₁ (with instrumental suffix)^[3]
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pra- (if not from *pro-, with *H adopted from nouns with initial laryngeal^[4])
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Proto-West Germanic: *frō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρωΐ (prōḯ) (with locative -ι (-i)^[5])
- Proto-Italic: *prō
  - Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: (abbreviated) 𐌐𐌓 (pr), pr., (unabbreviated) pru
- ⇒ *prō-tér
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Sanskrit: प्रातर् (prātár, “early in the morning”)
  - Proto-Italic:
    - Oscan: pruter (“before”)
*pró-mo-s (“first, leading”)^[1]^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸromos (“early, soon”)
  - Old Irish:
    - Middle Irish: rom
- Proto-Germanic: *framaz (“forward; forthright”)^[7]
  - Proto-West Germanic: *fram
    - Old English: fram (“bold, valiant; firm”)
    - Middle High German: fram (“forward”)
  - Old Norse: framr (“forward; prominent; superior”)
- Proto-Germanic: *fram (“forward, from, away”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *framjaną (“to perform, promote, further”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόμος (prómos, “leader”)
- Proto-Italic: *promom^[3]
  - Umbrian: promom, prumum, prumu (“firstly”)
*pro-k(o)- (“in front”)^[8]^[9]^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *prokъ
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόκα (próka)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬐𐬆𐬨 (frakəm, “near”, adv.)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: procus, procer
*pró-pro^[10]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόπρο (própro)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prápra
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prápra
    - Sanskrit: प्रप्र (prápra)
- Proto-Italic: *propro^[10]
  - Oscan:
    - → Latin: prope (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic: *propsamos^[10]
    - Latin: proximus
*pro-tero-s (“further”)^[1]^[11]^[12]^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρότερος (próteros)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratarás^[12]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: प्रतरम् (pratarám, “further”, adverb)
  - Proto-Iranian: *frataráh
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (fratara /⁠fratara⁠/)
    - Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎼 (f-r-t-r)
*pro-tm̥mós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰamás
    - Sanskrit: प्रथम (prathamá) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *fratamáh
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fratəma)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Sogdian: [script needed] (prtmw)
    - Western Iranian:
      - Southwestern Iranian:
        Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠 (fratama)
        Middle Persian: (/⁠fradom⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡𐫤𐫇𐫖 (prtwm)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pltwm)
        Persian: فردم (fardom)
    - → Old Armenian: փարթամ (pʻartʻam)
      - Armenian: փարթամ (pʻartʻam)
*pro-tyo-s^[2]^[13]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Lycian: [script needed] (przze/i-, “most in front”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρόσω (prósō), πρόσσω (próssō)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *frawjô, *frawjǭ, *frawjaz^[14] (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ
- Hittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /⁠prā⁠/)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra
- Old Prussian: pra, pro
- Proto-Slavic: *pro (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *ɸro (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *pró
- Ancient Greek: πρό (pró) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá
  - Sanskrit: प्र (prá)
- Proto-Iranian: *frá
  - Avestan:
    Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra), 𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frā)
    
    Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra)
  - Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /⁠fra⁠/)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pro, prō”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 813-815
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 636ff.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 489-490
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pro; *pra”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρώην”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1243-4
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*framaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “procerēs, -um”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόκα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prope”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 492-493
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1240
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pratara-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1239
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*frauja(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 153

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pro, prō”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 813-815

[LIPP-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 636ff.

[EDL_pro-3] 3.0 ^3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 489-490

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pro; *pra”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρώην”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1243-4

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόμος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237

[7] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*framaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “procerēs, -um”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 491

[9] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόκα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1237

[DeVaan_prope-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prope”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 492-493

[11] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1240

[IAIL-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “pratara-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρόσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1239

[14] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*frauja(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 153

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