Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

    *per-

    2. before, in front
    3. first

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before) (52 c, 0 e)
    • *pér (“through”)[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-[2]
      • Proto-Italic:
      • ⇒ *per és[1]
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás
            • Sanskrit: परस् (parás)
          • Proto-Iranian: *paráh
            • Avestan:
              Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)
              Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)
            • Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠para⁠/, “on the other side (of)”)
    • *pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)
    • *per-nóy[4] or *pér-ero-s[1]
      • Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
    • *pér-o-
      • Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
        • Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
          • ⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras
          • Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Iranian: *párah
          • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)
          • ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
    • *por-so-
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *pr̥-
      • Proto-Italic: *por-
    • *pr-eh₂-
    • *pr-és
    • *pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
    • *pr-éy (dative)
    • *pr-ey-wo-
    • *pr-i-is
      • Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
    • *pr-i-is-ḱo-
    • *pr-i-is-m̥mos
      • Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)
        • Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
        • Paelignian: Prismu
    • *pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-i-m[5]
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)
      • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-i-yōs
      • Proto-Italic: *priōs
        • Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)
    • *pr̥H-e/o-s[6]
      • Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
        • Albanian: përpara
    • *pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
      • Proto-Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
    • *pr̥-sth₂-o/i-[7][5]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Italic:
    • *pŕ̥-to-
      • Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr̥-tero-
      • Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
        • Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
    • *pr-u-
    Unsorted formations

    Root

      *per-[11] (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

      2. to go through
      3. to carry forth, fare
      4. to try, dare, risk

      Derived terms

      Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare) (32 c, 0 e)
      • *pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
          • Proto-Iranian:
            • ⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /⁠frafraʼā⁠/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)
      • *pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
        • Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
          • Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
      • *por-éye-ti (causative)
        • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
          • Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)[12]) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
            • Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
          • Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati
            • ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieiṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)
      • *por-ti (o-grade root present)
        • Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
      • *pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
      • *pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti ?
      • *per-ih₂
        • Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
      • *per-ih₂-ye-
      • *per-ih₂-to-
      • *per-ih₂-tlom
      • *pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
      • *pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
      • *por-dʰmo-
      • *pōr-i-s
        • Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
      • *pór-mo-s
        • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
          • Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
      • *por-os
        • Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Hellenic:
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
          • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
        • Proto-Tocharian:
      • *por-teh₂
        • Proto-Italic: *portā
          • Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
          • Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
          • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō
            • Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
            • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
      • *por-ti-s
        • Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
      Unsorted formations
      • Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
        • Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
      • Proto-Albanian: *priś
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)
      • Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

      Root

        *per-[15][16]

        2. to beat

        Derived terms

        Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (beat) (6 c, 0 e)
        • *pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)
        • *pér-e-ti (thematic present)
          • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei
            • Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)
            • Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)
            • Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)
        Unsorted formations
        • Proto-Armenian:
          • >? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)

        Descendants

        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-[16]
          • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)
            • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
            • Proto-Iranian:
              • Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pərət)
            • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)[17][18]

        References

        1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “1.*pér, *pérā̆, *pérām, *pérti 'durch, darüber hinaus, über; sehr'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 607-614
        2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352
        3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “per”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 459
        4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ferrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
        5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*pr̥-, *pró, *prí 'vorwärts, vorne'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 633-649
        6. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”
        7. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 552
        8. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “postis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 484
        9. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “*heṙ- 'far'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 404
        10. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
        11. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*per- 'hindurchkommen, durchqueren'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 472
        12. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 579-580
        13. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πεῖρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1162-3
        14. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4
        15. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “3.*per- 'schlagen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 473
        16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*par³ 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294
        17. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*part 'to fight, struggle'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 298
        18. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pert- 'in Streit geraten, kämpfen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 477

        Further reading

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