Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/steh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Alternative forms

    Root

    *steh₂- (perfective)

    1. to stand (up)

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂- (120 c, 0 e)
    • *stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)[1]
    • *stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)[1][2][3][4][5][6]
    • *st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)[1][7]
    • *stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)[1][8][9][10]
    • *ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)
    • *steyh₂-
    • *st-n̥é-h₂-[11]
      • Proto-Albanian: *stānja
    • *sth₂-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)
    • *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (thematic eh₁-stative)[12]
      • Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)
    • *stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)[1][13]
    • *steh₂-tleh₂[14]
    • *sth₂-dʰló-
    • *steh₂-gʰo-s[15]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas
        • Lithuanian: stógas
        • Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)
    • *steh₂-l-o-
      • Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f
        • >? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)
    • *sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m[16][17]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰálam
    • *stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s
    • *steh₂-mo-s[12]
      • Proto-Italic: *stāmos
        • Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei
    • *stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés[19]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō
        • Lithuanian: stuomuõ
        • Latvian: stāmen
    • *stóh₂-mo-s[20]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas
        • Lithuanian: stúomas
        • Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks
    • *stéh₂-no-m[21][22]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)
    • *sth₂-nó-s[23][24]
      • Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)
    • *sth₂-ró-s[25][26]
      • Proto-Albanian: *stara
        • Albanian: stër- (“large”)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras
        • Lithuanian: stóras
        • Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás
          • Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Iranian: *stHráh
    • *stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s
    • *sth₂-tós[6][27]
    • *stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s[12]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtus
      • Proto-Italic: *status
        • Latin: status (see there for further descendants)
        • Marsian: state
        • Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌚 (statíf)
        • Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu)
    • *stéh₂-wr̥[28]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər
        • Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîăr), στῆρ (stêr)
    • *sth₂-wéh₂
      • ⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂
        • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Albanian: *stūlā-, *stūlwā-
      • Balto-Slavic:
        • Old Prussian: postātwei, postānimai
      • Proto-Celtic: *stagnos (“tin”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *stamniz (see there for further descendants)
      • Celtic:
      • Hellenic:
      • Indo-Iranian:
        • Iranian:
          • Northern Kurdish: westîn (“to be tired”) (>rawestîn/hilwestîn (“to stand”), vewestîn (“to stop”))
          • Central Kurdish: وەستان (westan, “to stand, wait, stop”)
          • Persian: ایستادن (istâdan)
          • Ossetian: стын (styn)
      • Phrygian: εσταες (estaes) (augmented with *h₁e-)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *stäm-[29]
    Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-
    • >? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s
      • >? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- +‎ *-tʰmós)
        • Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)
    • *stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)[30]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda
        • Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)
    • *sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)
      • Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)
    Extended form *steh₂w-[31][32]
    • *stéh₂w-eh₂-ti
    • *steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)[33][34]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei
        • Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (“to stow”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *steh₂u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)
      • Proto-Armenian:
      • Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *staurós
        • Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *stauros
    • *stoh₂w-ih₂ (collective)[36]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)
        • Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōĭ̈ā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)
    • *stoh₂w-éh₂
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ
        • Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *stōō
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Persian: ستاوند (sotâvand)
          • Northern Kurdish: sivêrnek, sivande, sibirnek (and other dialectal formations)

    Descendants

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 590-592
    2. ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
    3. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    4. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἵστημι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 601
    5. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 338
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sistō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567
    7. ^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “shtãj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 378
    8. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 373–74
    9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
    10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
    11. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shtoj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 440: “IE”
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590
    13. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stojati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 468
    14. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 354–55
    15. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
    16. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
    17. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426
    18. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 662
    19. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
    20. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
    21. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stânъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
    22. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
    23. ^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “shtãnzë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[3] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 371
    24. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shtazë, shtëzë ~ shtâzë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN
    25. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 465
    26. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
    27. ^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “shtat”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎[4] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 260
    28. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στέαρ, στέατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1392–1393
    29. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “stäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 184-186
    30. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàdo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-465
    31. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnstaurō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
    32. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σταυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1391
    33. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 466
    34. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
    35. ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 199
    36. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στοᾱ́”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1407
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