Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stauraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-u-ró-s (“pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “pale, stake”), Latin īnstaurō (“to set up, erect”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑu̯.rɑz/

Noun

*stauraz m

stake
Synonyms: *furkaz, *stakô
rod, pole
Synonyms: *furkaz, *galgô, *mastaz, *rōdō, *skaftaz, *spaluz, *spīrǭ, *tainaz

Inflection

Declension of *stauraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*stauraz	staurōz, staurōs
vocative	*staur	staurōz, staurōs
accusative	*staurą	*stauranz
genitive	stauras, stauris	*staurǫ̂
dative	*staurai	*stauramaz
instrumental	*staurō	*stauramiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic:
- Middle Low German: stūr
Old Norse: staurr
- Danish: stør
- Faroese: steyrur
- Icelandic: staur
- → Middle English: stoure
  - English: stour (“stake”)
- Norwegian Nynorsk: staur
- Norwegian Bokmål: staur
- Old Swedish: stūr
  - Swedish: stör
→ Proto-Finnic: *sapra (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”), though Kroonen assigns no etymology and compares only Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”), which he considers potentially loaned from the Germanic.^[2]

Noun

*stauraz m

Inflection

Declension of *stauraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*stauraz	staurōz, staurōs
vocative	*staur	staurōz, staurōs
accusative	*staurą	*stauranz
genitive	stauras, stauris	*staurǫ̂
dative	*staurai	*stauramaz
instrumental	*staurō	*stauramiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *staur
- Old Dutch: *stōr
  - Middle Dutch: stoor

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stauraz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*staurjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476: “*staura-”

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*stauraz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 373

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*staurjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476: “*staura-”

[1]

[2]