प्रथम

Hindi

**Hindi numbers ^(edit)**
		10^{[a], [b]}
	← 0	१ 1	2 → ^{[a], [b], [c]}	10 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā), प्रथम (pratham) Fractional: पूरा (pūrā)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathamá).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /pɾə.t̪ʰəm/, [pɾɐ.t̪ʰɐ̃m]

Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham) (indeclinable)

first, foremost
Synonym: पहला (pahlā)
preeminent

Maithili

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathama).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pɾətʰəm]

Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham)

first, foremost
Synonym: पहिल (pahil)

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit प्रथम (prathamá).

Adjective

प्रथम • (pratham)

first, prior, initial, chief, principal

Adverb

प्रथम • (pratham)

first, at first, in the first place

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “प्रथम”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “प्रथम”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

প্ৰথম (Assamese script)
ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (Balinese script)
প্রথম (Bengali script)
𑰢𑰿𑰨𑰞𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀫 (Brahmi script)
ပြထမ (Burmese script)
પ્રથમ (Gujarati script)
ਪ੍ਰਥਮ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌪𑍍𑌰𑌥𑌮 (Grantha script)
ꦥꦿꦡꦩ (Javanese script)
𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂟𑂧 (Kaithi script)
ಪ್ರಥಮ (Kannada script)
ប្រថម (Khmer script)
ປ຺ຣຖມ (Lao script)
പ്രഥമ (Malayalam script)
ᢒᡵᠠᡨᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘞𑘦 (Modi script)
ᢒᠷᠠᠲᠠᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧂𑧠𑧈𑦾𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐠𑐩 (Newa script)
ପ୍ରଥମ (Odia script)
ꢦ꣄ꢬꢢꢪ (Saurashtra script)
𑆥𑇀𑆫𑆡𑆩 (Sharada script)
𑖢𑖿𑖨𑖞𑖦 (Siddham script)
ප්‍රථම (Sinhalese script)
𑩰 𑪙𑩼𑩬𑩴 (Soyombo script)
𑚞𑚶𑚤𑚚𑚢 (Takri script)
ப்ரத²ம (Tamil script)
ప్రథమ (Telugu script)
ปฺรถม (Thai script)
པྲ་ཐ་མ (Tibetan script)
𑒣𑓂𑒩𑒟𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
𑨞𑩇𑨫𑨚𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pratʰamás (“first, foremost”), from Proto-Indo-European *pro-tm̥mós (“foremost”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fratəma), Old Persian 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠 (f-r-t-m-a /⁠fratama⁠/), Old Armenian փարթամ (pʻartʻam).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /pɾɐ.tʰɐ.mɐ́/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /pɾɐ.t̪ʰɐ.mɐ/

**Sanskrit numbers ^(edit)**
	10
	१ 1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: एक (eka) Ordinal: प्रथम (prathama) Multiplier: एकधा (ekadhā) Distributive: एकशस् (ekaśas)

Adjective

प्रथम • (prathamá) stem

foremost, first (in time or in a series or in rank)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.109.1:
  ते॑ऽवदन्प्रथमा ब्र॑ह्मकिल्बि॒षेऽकू॑पारः सलि॒लो मा॑त॒रिश्वा॑।
  वी॒ळुह॑रा॒स्तप॑ उ॒ग्रो म॑यो॒भूरापो॑ दे॒वीः प्र॑थम॒जा ऋ॒तेन॑॥
  tèʼvadanprathamā brahmakilbiṣéʼkūpāraḥ saliló mātaríśvā.
  vīḷúharāstápa ugró mayobhū́rā́po devī́ḥ prathamajā́ ṛténa.
  These first, the boundless Sea, and Matarisvan, fierce-glowing Fire, the Strong, the Bliss-bestower.
  And heavenly Floods, first-born by holy Order, exclaimed against the outrage on a Brahmin.
earliest, primary, original, prior, former
often translatable adverbially in the beginning of a compound; see especially प्रथमम् (prathamam), प्रथमात् (prathamāt)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of प्रथम
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्रथमः (prathamáḥ)	प्रथमौ (prathamaú) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्रथमाः (prathamā́ḥ) प्रथमासः¹ (prathamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	प्रथमम् (prathamám)	प्रथमौ (prathamaú) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्रथमान् (prathamā́n)
instrumental	प्रथमेन (prathaména)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमैः (prathamaíḥ) प्रथमेभिः¹ (prathamébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्रथमाय (prathamā́ya)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमेभ्यः (prathamébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्रथमात् (prathamā́t)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमेभ्यः (prathamébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्रथमस्य (prathamásya)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमानाम् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमेषु (prathaméṣu)
vocative	प्रथम (práthama)	प्रथमौ (práthamau) प्रथमा¹ (práthamā¹)	प्रथमाः (práthamāḥ) प्रथमासः¹ (práthamāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of प्रथमा
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्रथमा (prathamā́)	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमाः (prathamā́ḥ)
accusative	प्रथमाम् (prathamā́m)	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमाः (prathamā́ḥ)
instrumental	प्रथमया (prathamáyā) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमाभिः (prathamā́bhiḥ)
dative	प्रथमायै (prathamā́yai)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमाभ्यः (prathamā́bhyaḥ)
ablative	प्रथमायाः (prathamā́yāḥ) प्रथमायै² (prathamā́yai²)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमाभ्यः (prathamā́bhyaḥ)
genitive	प्रथमायाः (prathamā́yāḥ) प्रथमायै² (prathamā́yai²)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमानाम् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्रथमायाम् (prathamā́yām)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमासु (prathamā́su)
vocative	प्रथमे (práthame)	प्रथमे (práthame)	प्रथमाः (práthamāḥ)

¹Vedic
²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of प्रथम
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्रथमम् (prathamám)	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमानि (prathamā́ni) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)
accusative	प्रथमम् (prathamám)	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमानि (prathamā́ni) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)
instrumental	प्रथमेन (prathaména)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमैः (prathamaíḥ) प्रथमेभिः¹ (prathamébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्रथमाय (prathamā́ya)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमेभ्यः (prathamébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्रथमात् (prathamā́t)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमेभ्यः (prathamébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्रथमस्य (prathamásya)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमानाम् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमेषु (prathaméṣu)
vocative	प्रथम (práthama)	प्रथमे (práthame)	प्रथमानि (práthamāni) प्रथमा¹ (práthamā¹)

¹Vedic

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀫 (*prathama)
- Paisaci Prakrit: 𑀧𑀣𑀫 (pathama), 𑀧𑀼𑀥𑀼𑀫 (pudhuma)
- Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨠𐨨 (prathama), 𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨨 (pratama)
Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑀞𑀫 (*paṭhama)
- Prakrit: 𑀧𑀠𑀫 (paḍhama), 𑀧𑀼𑀠𑀫 (puḍhama), 𑀧𑀠𑀼𑀫 (paḍhuma), 𑀧𑀼𑀠𑀼𑀫 (puḍhuma), 𑀧𑀼𑀟𑀫 (puḍama), 𑀧𑀟𑀫 (paḍama)
  - Sinhalese: පළමු (paḷamu)
  - Dhivehi: ފުރަތަމަ (furatama)
- Niya Prakrit: 𐨤𐨜𐨹𐨨 (paḍ́ama)
Pali: paṭhama (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀺𑀮 (*prathila), *𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀣𑀺𑀮𑁆𑀮 (*prathilla) (reanalysis of प्रथम (prathama) as प्रथ (pratha) + -म (-ma) and replacement of -म (-ma) with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀇𑀮𑁆𑀮- (-illa-))
- Khasa Prakrit:
  - Nepali: पहिलो (pahilo)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Assamese: পহিলা (pohila)
  - Bengali: পহেলা (pohela), পয়লা (poẏla)
    - ⇒ Hajong: পুইলৗ
  - Bhojpuri: पहिला (pahilā)
  - Sylheti: ꠚꠂꠟꠣ (fóila)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Konkani: पयलें (paylẽ)
  - Marathi: पहिले (pahile)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
  - Sindhi: پهريون (payrõ)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀳𑀺𑀮 (pahila)
  - Old Gujarati: पहिलउं (pahilaüṃ)
    - Gujarati: પહેલું (pahelũ)
    - Saurashtra: ꢧꣀꢭꣁ (phailo)
    - Marwari: पहलौ (pahlau)
  - Hindi: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā)
→ Old Javanese: prathama
- Javanese: ꦥꦿꦠꦩ (pratama)
  - → Indonesian: pratama, Pratama
- → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (pratama)

Noun

प्रथम • (prathamá) stem, m

(grammar) (namely वर्ण (varṇa)) the first consonant of a वर्ग (varga), a surd unaspirate letter
(grammar) (namely पुरुष (puruṣa)) the first (in Western grammar terminology, the 3rd) person or its terminations
(namely स्वर (svara)) the first tone
(mathematics) the sum of the products divided by the difference between the squares of the cosine of the azimuth and the sine of the amplitude
the first tithi of each lunar fortnight

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of प्रथम
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	प्रथमः (prathamáḥ)	प्रथमौ (prathamaú) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्रथमाः (prathamā́ḥ) प्रथमासः¹ (prathamā́saḥ¹)
accusative	प्रथमम् (prathamám)	प्रथमौ (prathamaú) प्रथमा¹ (prathamā́¹)	प्रथमान् (prathamā́n)
instrumental	प्रथमेन (prathaména)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमैः (prathamaíḥ) प्रथमेभिः¹ (prathamébhiḥ¹)
dative	प्रथमाय (prathamā́ya)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमेभ्यः (prathamébhyaḥ)
ablative	प्रथमात् (prathamā́t)	प्रथमाभ्याम् (prathamā́bhyām)	प्रथमेभ्यः (prathamébhyaḥ)
genitive	प्रथमस्य (prathamásya)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमानाम् (prathamā́nām)
locative	प्रथमे (prathamé)	प्रथमयोः (prathamáyoḥ)	प्रथमेषु (prathaméṣu)
vocative	प्रथम (práthama)	प्रथमौ (práthamau) प्रथमा¹ (práthamā¹)	प्रथमाः (práthamāḥ) प्रथमासः¹ (práthamāsaḥ¹)

¹Vedic

Borrowed terms

→ Bengali: প্রথম (prothom)
→ Hindi: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Kannada: ಪ್ರಥಮ (prathama)
→ Maithili: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Malay: pertama
- Indonesian: pertama
→ Marathi: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Nepali: प्रथम (pratham)
→ Old Javanese: prathama
- Javanese: ꦥꦿꦠꦩ (pratama)
  - → Indonesian: pratama, Pratama
- → Balinese: ᬧ᭄ᬭᬣᬫ (pratama)
→ Punjabi: ਪ੍ਰਥਮ (prtham)
→ Sinhalese: ප්‍රථම (prathama)
→ Tamil: பிரதமம் (piratamam)
→ Telugu: ప్రథమము (prathamamu)
→ Thai: ประถม (bprà-tǒm)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “प्रथम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 678/3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 179