Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/graftuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *grabaną (“to dig”) +‎ *-þuz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑɸ.tuz/

Noun

*graftuz m

digging, carving

Inflection

Declension of *graftuz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*graftuz	*graftiwiz
vocative	*graftu	*graftiwiz
accusative	*graftų	*graftunz
genitive	*graftauz	*graftiwǫ̂
dative	*graftiwi	*graftumaz
instrumental	*graftū	*graftumiz

Descendants

The West Germanic languages remodeled the word as a ti-stem.

Old English: græft
- Middle English: græf, graf, grave (partially)
Old Frisian: greft
- Saterland Frisian: Grääft
- West Frisian: grêft
Old Saxon: *graft
- Middle Low German: graft, gracht
  - German Low German: Gracht
Old Dutch: *graft (in placenames)
- Middle Dutch: gracht, graft, grecht, greft
  - Dutch: gracht
    - Afrikaans: grag
    - → German: Gracht
Old High German: graft
- Middle High German: graft; (northwestern) graht, *greht
  - German: Graft (archaic)
  - Luxembourgish: Griecht, Gruecht
Old Norse: grǫptr, grǫftr
- Icelandic: gröftur