Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *grimmaną (“to rage, be furious”) +‎ *-janą or *gramaz (“furious”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɣrɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gramjaną[1][2]

  1. to cause to be angry, provoke, irritate, anger
    Antonym: *hulþijaną

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gramjō *gramjaų — *gramjai ?
2nd singular *gramisi *gramjais *grami *gramjasai *gramjaisau
3rd singular *gramiþi *gramjai *gramjaþau *gramjaþai *gramjaiþau
1st dual *gramjōs *gramjaiw — — —
2nd dual *gramjaþiz *gramjaiþiz *gramjaþiz — —
1st plural *gramjamaz *gramjaim — *gramjanþai *gramjainþau
2nd plural *gramiþ *gramjaiþ *gramiþ *gramjanþai *gramjainþau
3rd plural *gramjanþi *gramjain *gramjanþau *gramjanþai *gramjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gramidǭ *gramidēdį̄
2nd singular *gramidēz *gramidēdīz
3rd singular *gramidē *gramidēdī
1st dual *gramidēdū *gramidēdīw
2nd dual *gramidēdudiz *gramidēdīdiz
1st plural *gramidēdum *gramidēdīm
2nd plural *gramidēdud *gramidēdīd
3rd plural *gramidēdun *gramidēdīn
present past
participles *gramjandz *gramidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *grammjan
    • Old English: gremian, gremman
      • Middle English: gremen
    • Old Frisian: *gremia, *gremma
      • Saterland Frisian: grääme
    • Old Saxon: *gremian, *gremmian
      • Middle Low German: grēmen, gremmen
    • Old Dutch: *gremen, *gremmen
    • Old High German: gremen, gremmen
      • Middle High German: gremen
  • Old Norse: gremja
    • Icelandic: gremja
    • Norwegian Bokmål: gremme; gremmes
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: gremja, gremje, gremma, gremme
    • Old Swedish: græmia
    • Danish: græmme
  • Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gramjan)

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒramjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
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