Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grimmaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Pre-Germanic *gʰrémne- or *gʰrénme-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to be angry”), likely from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to make a noise, rattle, growl, murmur”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɣrim.mɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *grimmō | *grimmaų | — | *grimmai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *grimmizi | *grimmaiz | *grimm | *grimmazai | *grimmaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *grimmidi | *grimmai | *grimmadau | *grimmadai | *grimmaidau | |
| 1st dual | *grimmōz | *grimmaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *grimmadiz | *grimmaidiz | *grimmadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *grimmamaz | *grimmaim | — | *grimmandai | *grimmaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *grimmid | *grimmaid | *grimmid | *grimmandai | *grimmaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *grimmandi | *grimmain | *grimmandau | *grimmandai | *grimmaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *gramm | *grummį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *grammt | *grummīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *gramm | *grummī | ||||
| 1st dual | *grummū | *grummīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *grummudiz | *grummīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *grummum | *grummīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *grummud | *grummīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *grummun | *grummīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *grimmandz | *grummanaz | ||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *grimman
- Old Norse: grimma (Only attested in the passive grimmask)
- Icelandic: grimma
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒremmjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 141