Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʰer-^[1]^[2]

to yearn for

Alternative reconstructions

*ǵʰer-^[3]^[4]
*ǵʰerH-^[5]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer- (yearn) (17 c, 0 e)

*gʰr̥-yé-ti (or *gʰér-ye-ti with full-grade root)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́řřō
  - Ancient Greek: χαίρω (khaírō) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰáryati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: हर्यति (háryati)
- Proto-Italic: *herjō^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*gʰr̥-t-ós
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰərtós
  - Ancient Greek: χαρτός (khartós)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥tás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: हृत (hṛtá) (the etymology of the root हृ (hṛ, “to take”) is debated)
*gʰr̥-i-t-
- Ancient Greek: χάρις (kháris)
*gʰēr-i-^[7]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձիր (jir)
*gʰr̥-éh₂
- Ancient Greek: χαρά (khará) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰér-mn̥
- Ancient Greek: χάρμα (khárma)
*gʰr̥-meh₂
- Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē)
*gʰer-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *gernaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: χράω (khráō)
- Ancient Greek: χρηστός (khrēstós)
- Ancient Greek: χρῄζω (khrēízō)

Root

*gʰer-

to rub
to stroke
to grind
to remove

Extensions

*gʰrey-
>? *gʰren(H)dʰ-^[8]
*gʰrend-^?
- >? *gʰrónd-ro-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰróndros
    - >? Ancient Greek: χόνδρος (khóndros, “small mass; corn of grain; cartilage”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰrewd- ~ *gʰr-eu-d- ~ *gʷrod-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: կորկոտ (korkot) < *gʷo-gʷrod- (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: graudi̇̀nti (“to move, touch”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *gruditi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: grūst
  - Lithuanian: grūsti
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: gruds (“grain, corn”), grauds
  - Lithuanian: grūdas, graûds
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Baltic:
    - Lithuanian: grúodas (“frost; frozen mud or street dirt”)
    - → Proto-Finnic: *routa (“frost on the ground”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Slavic: *grùda (“heap, lump”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grautaz (“coarse, crude; big, large”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *greutaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *greutą (“grit, rubble”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grautiz
- Proto-Germanic: *grūtiz, *grūtą
  - Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old English: grūt (“malt mash”)
      - Middle English: growte, grout
        English: grout
    - Old High German:
      - Middle High German: grūz (“corn of sand or grain”)^[9]
    - → Medieval Latin: grutum, grudum, grutdum (“flour, meal”)
  - Old Norse: grautr (“porridge”)
    - Icelandic: grautur
    - Faroese: greytur
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: graut
      - → Norwegian Bokmål: graut
    - Swedish: gröt
    - Danish: grød
      - Norwegian Bokmål: grøt
*gʰrewh₂-, *gʰreh₂w-^[10]
- ⇒ *gʰrewh₂-ǵ(ʰ)-
  - ⇒ *gʰrowǵ(ʰ)os
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grauˀźas (“crushed stone, gravel”)
      - Latvian: gruži pl (“crushed stone”)
      - Lithuanian: gráužas, graũžas (“gravel, coarse sand”)
      - Proto-Slavic: *gruzъ (“crushed stone, gravel”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-mn̥ or *gʰróh₂u-mn̥
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓwmə
    - Ancient Greek: χρῶμα (khrôma, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *gʰrówh₂-s or *gʰróh₂u-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrṓws
    - Ancient Greek: χρώς (khrṓs, “color; skin”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀒𐀫𐀸𐀁 (a-ko-ro-we-e /⁠(h)akʰroweʰe⁠/)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: gŗaût (“to destroy, demolish, bring down”)
  - Lithuanian: griáuti (“to destroy, demolish”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - >? Ancient Greek: ἔχραον (ékhraon, “attack, assault”)
- Proto-Italic: *grūō
  - Latin: *gruō
    - ⇒? Latin: ingruō (“make an onslaught upon, attack, assail, fall on, threaten”)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Italic: *grandis
  - ⇒ Latin: grandis (“large”) (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: घर्षति (gharṣati)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰer- (rub) (3 c, 0 e)

*gʰer-h₂d-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeráts
  - >? Ancient Greek: χεράς (kherás, “pebble, gravel”)^[9]
*gʰer-gʰr-o- (reduplicated)^[9]
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰénkʰros (with dissimilation r…r > n…r)
  - >? Ancient Greek: κέγχρος (kénkhros, “grain of millet”)
*gʰ-n̥-gʰr-u-s (reduplicated and infixed)?
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰə́kʰrus
  - >? Ancient Greek: κάχρυς (kákhrus) (but probably Pre-Greek)^[9]
*gʰér-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérmə
  - Ancient Greek: χέρμα (khérma)^[9]
*gʰer-m-h₂d-
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰermáts
  - >? Ancient Greek: χερμάς (khermás, “stone (for throwing)”)

References

^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “1.*g̑ʰer- → *gʰer-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 104
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*g̑ʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 176
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “har⁽ⁱ⁾”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 434
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

[1] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “1.*g̑ʰer- → *gʰer-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[1]

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 104

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*g̑ʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 176

[4] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440

[5] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “har⁽ⁱ⁾”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[6] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[7] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 434

[8] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”

[Beekes-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέγχρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 662

[Derksen-10] Derksen, Rick (2015) “griauti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]