हृ

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

हर् (har)

Alternative scripts

হৃ (Assamese script)
ᬳᬺ (Balinese script)
হৃ (Bengali script)
𑰮𑰴 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀳𑀾 (Brahmi script)
ဟၖ (Burmese script)
હૃ (Gujarati script)
ਹ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌹𑍃 (Grantha script)
ꦲꦽ (Javanese script)
𑂯𑃂 (Kaithi script)
ಹೃ (Kannada script)
ហ្ឫ (Khmer script)
ຫ຺ຣິ (Lao script)
ഹൃ (Malayalam script)
ᡥᡵᡳ (Manchu script)
𑘮𑘵 (Modi script)
ᠾᠷᠢ (Mongolian script)
𑧎𑧖 (Nandinagari script)
𑐴𑐺 (Newa script)
ହୃ (Odia script)
ꢲꢺ (Saurashtra script)
𑆲𑆸 (Sharada script)
𑖮𑖴 (Siddham script)
හෘ (Sinhalese script)
𑪂𑩙 (Soyombo script)
𑚩 (Takri script)
ஹ்ரி (Tamil script)
హృ (Telugu script)
หฺฤ (Thai script)
ཧྲྀ (Tibetan script)
𑒯𑒵 (Tirhuta script)
𑨱𑨼𑨉 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɦr̩/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɦr̩/

Etymology 1

Of uncertain origin.

The traditional derivation by Pokorny from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to want, yearn”)^[1] (whence हर्य् (hary, “to like, delight in”)),^[2] is not mentioned at all by Mayrhofer, who suggests a partial relation to भृ (bhṛ, “to bear, carry”), as well as contamination by both भृ (bhṛ) and घृ (ghṛ, “to besprinkle, moisten”). He mentions that ascertaining the ultimate origins of हृ (hṛ) is difficult due to the semantic overlap described above.^[3]^[4]

An alternative theory by de Vaan derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), comparing to Latin cohors (“farmyard, cohort”).^[5] It is possible that the potential relations discussed above have all influenced the formation of the Sanskrit root.

Root

हृ • (hṛ)

to take

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root हृ (0 c, 12 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root हृ (8 c, 0 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

हरति (hárati) (Present)
जिहर्ति (jihárti) (Present)
हर्ति (hárti) (Vedic present)
हरिष्यति (hariṣyáti) (Future)
हर्ता (hartā́) (Periphrastic Future)
अहार्षीत् (áhārṣīt) (Aorist)
ह्रियात् (hriyā́t) (Benedictive)
जहार (jahā́ra) (Perfect)

Secondary Forms

ह्रियते (hriyáte) (Passive)
अहारि (áhāri) (Passive Aorist)
हारयति (hāráyati) (Causative)
अजीहरत् (ájīharat) (Causative Aorist)
जिहीर्षति (jíhīrṣati) (Desiderative)
जरीहर्ति (jarīharti) (Intensive)
जेह्रीयते (jehrīyate) (Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

हृत (hṛtá) (Past Participle)
हर्तुम् (hártum) (Infinitive)
हर्तवे (hártave) (Infinitive)
हर्तवै (hártavái) (Infinitive)
हर्तोस् (hártos) (Infinitive)
हरितुम् (háritum) (Infinitive)
हृत्वा (hṛtvā́) (Gerund)
हृत्य (hṛ́tya) (Gerund)
हारम् (hā́ram) (Gerund)
हार्य (hāryà) (Gerundive)
हरणीय (haraṇīya) (Gerundive)
हर्तव्य (hartavya) (Gerundive)
हृत्य (hṛ́tya) (Gerundive)
हारयितव्य (hārayitavya) (Causative Gerundive)
जिहीर्षु (jihīrṣu) (Desiderative Participle)

Derived Nominal Forms

हर (hara)
हार (hāra)
हारक (hāraka)
हारिन् (hārin)
हरण (háraṇa)
हारण (hāraṇa)
हरस् (háras)
हारुक (hā́ruka)
हृत् (hṛt)
हृति (hṛti)
हर्तृ (hartṛ)
जिहीर्षा (jihīrṣā)
अनाहार (anāhāra)
आहार (āhāra)
व्यवहार (vyavahāra)

Prefixed Root Forms

अतिहृ (atihṛ)
अपहृ (apahṛ)
अभिहृ (abhihṛ)
अवहृ (avahṛ)
आहृ (āhṛ)
निर्हृ (nirhṛ)
परिहृ (parihṛ)
प्रतिहृ (pratihṛ)
प्रहृ (prahṛ)
विहृ (vihṛ)
व्यवहृ (vyavahṛ)
संहृ (saṃhṛ)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárH- (“vex; to be upset”), and cognate with Persian (âzordan, “to annoy, torment”).^[6]

Root

हृ • (hṛ)

to be angry or wroth

Derived terms

अभिहृणीथाः (abhihṛṇīthāḥ)
हृणान (hṛṇāna)
हृणीते (hṛṇīte)
हृणीथाः (hṛṇīthāḥ)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “हृ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1302/1.
William Dwight Whitney (1885) The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 207

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “har⁽ᶦ⁾ [2]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 222-3
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 803-4; 805
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 578-9; 604-5
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cohors, -tis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 123
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH2”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 440

[2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “har⁽ᶦ⁾ [2]”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 222-3

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 803-4; 805

[4] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 578-9; 604-5

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cohors, -tis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 123

[6] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH2”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

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