Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).[1]

Noun

*grùda f[1][2][3][4]

  1. heap, lump

Alternative reconstructions

  • *grǫda
  • *grudъ m
  • *grudь f

Inflection

Declension of *grùda (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
singular dual plural
nominative *grùda *grùdě *grùdy
genitive *grùdy *grùdu *grùdъ
dative *grùdě *grùdama *grùdamъ
accusative *grùdǫ *grùdě *grùdy
instrumental *grùdojǫ, *grùdǭ** *grùdama *grùdamī
locative *grùdě *grùdu *grùdasъ, *grùdaxъ*
vocative *grùdo *grùdě *grùdy

* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

  • *gruditi (“to lump, to pile”)
  • *grudati (“to clump together”)
  • *grudъka (“tuber (of plants)”)
  • *grudьnъ (“heinous, lousy; November, late autumn”)
  • *grumę (“bush, shrub”)

Descendants

  • East Slavic:
    • Belarusian: гру́да (hrúda)
    • Russian: гру́да (grúda)
    • Ukrainian: гру́да (hrúda), груда́ (hrudá)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:

Further reading

  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “груда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*grudъ/*gruda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 153
  • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “груда”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 286

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “f. ā; m. o; f. ā (a) ‘heap, lump’”
  2. ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “gruda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 155; RPT 107, 110)”
  3. ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎[2], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
  4. ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “grúda”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*grűda”
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