Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grindaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰrendʰ- (“to crush; gnash”). Cognate with Latin frendō (“to grind; gnash”), Lithuanian grę́sti (“to plane, scour”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrin.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grindaną^[1]^[2]

to grind

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*grindō	*grindaų	—	*grindai	?
2nd singular	*grindizi	*grindaiz	*grind	*grindazai	*grindaizau
3rd singular	*grindidi	*grindai	*grindadau	*grindadai	*grindaidau
1st dual	*grindōz	*grindaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grindadiz	*grindaidiz	*grindadiz	—	—
1st plural	*grindamaz	*grindaim	—	*grindandai	*grindaindau
2nd plural	*grindid	*grindaid	*grindid	*grindandai	*grindaindau
3rd plural	*grindandi	*grindain	*grindandau	*grindandai	*grindaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grand	*grundį̄
2nd singular	*granst	*grundīz
3rd singular	*grand	*grundī
1st dual	*grundū	*grundīw
2nd dual	*grundudiz	*grundīdiz
1st plural	*grundum	*grundīm
2nd plural	*grundud	*grundīd
3rd plural	*grundun	*grundīn

	present	past
participles	*grindandz	*grundanaz

Related terms

*grandą
*grandô
*grindą
*grindaz
*grindstiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *grindan
- Old English: grindan
  - Middle English: grynden, grinden, grenden
    - English: grind
    - Scots: grynde, grynd, grind
    - Yola: grieend, griende
- Old Frisian: *grinda
  - Saterland Frisian: gríende, griene
- Old Saxon: *grindan
  - Middle Low German: grinden
- Old Dutch: *grindan
  - Middle Dutch: grinden, grenden
    - Dutch: grinden

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒrenđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 141

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒrenđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 141

[1]

[2]