Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hīgōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey(H)gʰ- (“to move quickly, jump; swift, fierce”),^[1] thereby cognate with e.g. Russian сига́ть (sigátʹ, “to spring, jump”) (Proto-Slavic *sigáti) and maybe Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá-, “quick, fast”); if so, Old English may preserve the original sense. Further derived from *ḱey- (“to move”); compare Latin cieō (“set in motion, invoke, provoke”), Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, “move, set in motion”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxiː.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hīgōną

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze
(possibly) to move quickly, hasten

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hīgō	*hīgǭ	—	*hīgōi	?
2nd singular	*hīgōsi	*hīgōs	*hīgō	*hīgōsai	*hīgōsau
3rd singular	*hīgōþi	*hīgō	*hīgōþau	*hīgōþai	*hīgōþau
1st dual	*hīgōs	*hīgōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hīgōþiz	*hīgōþiz	*hīgōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hīgōmaz	*hīgōm	—	*hīgōnþai	*hīgōnþau
2nd plural	*hīgōþ	*hīgōþ	*hīgōþ	*hīgōnþai	*hīgōnþau
3rd plural	*hīgōnþi	*hīgōn	*hīgōnþau	*hīgōnþai	*hīgōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hīgōdǭ	*hīgōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hīgōdēz	*hīgōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hīgōdē	*hīgōdēdī
1st dual	*hīgōdēdū	*hīgōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hīgōdēdudiz	*hīgōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hīgōdēdum	*hīgōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hīgōdēdud	*hīgōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hīgōdēdun	*hīgōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hīgōndz	*hīgōdaz

Derived terms

*hiksatjaną
*hiksōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hīgōn
- Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
  - Middle English: hyen
    - English: hie
    - Scots: hie
- Old Saxon: *hīgōn
  - Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)
    - Low German: higen
- Old Dutch: *hīgon
  - Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen
    - Dutch: hijgen; hikken
      - Afrikaans: hyg
- Old High German: *hīgōn (?)
  - ⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)
    - >? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)
Old Norse: *híga; (hexta)
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: hike, hika, (hikke, hikka)
  - (Norwegian Bokmål: hikke)
- (Swedish: hicka, (dialectal) hikja)
- Scanian: hiğa
- Danish: hige (hikke)
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: hige

References

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 303: “*k̂eigh- ‘fast’”

[1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 303: “*k̂eigh- ‘fast’”

[1]