Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klinganą
Proto-Germanic
Etymology 1
From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic, similar to Latin clangō (“to clang”).[1]
Verb
*klinganą
- to sound
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *klingō | *klingaų | — | *klingai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *klingizi | *klingaiz | *kling | *klingazai | *klingaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *klingidi | *klingai | *klingadau | *klingadai | *klingaidau | |
| 1st dual | *klingōz | *klingaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *klingadiz | *klingaidiz | *klingadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *klingamaz | *klingaim | — | *klingandai | *klingaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *klingid | *klingaid | *klingid | *klingandai | *klingaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *klingandi | *klingain | *klingandau | *klingandai | *klingaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *klang | *klungį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *klanht | *klungīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *klang | *klungī | ||||
| 1st dual | *klungū | *klungīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *klungudiz | *klungīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *klungum | *klungīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *klungud | *klungīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *klungun | *klungīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *klingandz | *klunganaz | ||||
Derived terms
- >? *klinkō
- Proto-West Germanic: *klinku (see there for further descendants)
Descendants
- Old Frisian: klinga
- Old Saxon: *klingan
- Old Dutch: *clingan
- Old High German: klingan
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally a regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.[2]
Verb
*klinganą[3]
- to adhere to, cling to
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *klingō | *klingaų | — | *klingai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *klingizi | *klingaiz | *kling | *klingazai | *klingaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *klingidi | *klingai | *klingadau | *klingadai | *klingaidau | |
| 1st dual | *klingōz | *klingaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *klingadiz | *klingaidiz | *klingadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *klingamaz | *klingaim | — | *klingandai | *klingaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *klingid | *klingaid | *klingid | *klingandai | *klingaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *klingandi | *klingain | *klingandau | *klingandai | *klingaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *klang | *klungį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *klanht | *klungīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *klang | *klungī | ||||
| 1st dual | *klungū | *klungīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *klungudiz | *klungīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *klungum | *klungīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *klungud | *klungīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *klungun | *klungīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *klingandz | *klunganaz | ||||
Related terms
- *klajjaz
- *klibāną
Derived terms
Descendants
- Old English: clingan
- Old Saxon: *klingan
- Old Dutch: *clingan
- Old High German: klingan
- Middle High German: klingen
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan- ~ *klinkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*klingan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 293
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*klenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 216