Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krītaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *greyd-, *grey- (to shout), which appears to be connected to *gerh₂- (to cry hoarsely; crane); the assignment of this reconstruction to the level of Proto-Germanic rests on the Crimean Gothic hapax eriten (taken to be a misspelling of *criten or the like). Cognate with Lithuanian gùrti (to sound soundly),[1] Middle Irish grith (a cry), Welsh gryd (a scream), Latin gingriō (cackle; squawk; quack, verb). Thought by some to be the origin of Vulgar Latin *crītāre.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkriː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*krītaną[1]

  1. to call out, scream, shout, proclaim

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krītō *krītaų *krītai ?
2nd singular *krītizi *krītaiz *krīt *krītazai *krītaizau
3rd singular *krītidi *krītai *krītadau *krītadai *krītaidau
1st dual *krītōz *krītaiw
2nd dual *krītadiz *krītaidiz *krītadiz
1st plural *krītamaz *krītaim *krītandai *krītaindau
2nd plural *krītid *krītaid *krītid *krītandai *krītaindau
3rd plural *krītandi *krītain *krītandau *krītandai *krītaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krait *kritį̄
2nd singular *kraist *kritīz
3rd singular *krait *kritī
1st dual *kritū *kritīw
2nd dual *kritudiz *kritīdiz
1st plural *kritum *kritīm
2nd plural *kritud *kritīd
3rd plural *kritun *kritīn
present past
participles *krītandz *kritanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *krītan
    • Old Frisian: *krīta
    • Old Saxon: *krītan
    • Old Dutch: *crītan
    • Old High German: *krīzan
      • Middle High German: krīzen
  • >? Crimean Gothic: eriten (possible writo for criten)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*krītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 222