Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreukaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
According to Kroonen, the verb was associated by the Germanic tribes with the unrelated *kreupaną (“to crawl”) from an early stage. He suggests that the root final -k arose from an earlier geminate -kk, which was adopted from the iterative verb *krukkōną. Related to Old Irish gruc (“wrinkle”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*kreukaną[1]
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *kreukō | *kreukaų | — | *kreukai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *kriukizi | *kreukaiz | *kreuk | *kreukazai | *kreukaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *kriukidi | *kreukai | *kreukadau | *kreukadai | *kreukaidau | |
| 1st dual | *kreukōz | *kreukaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *kreukadiz | *kreukaidiz | *kreukadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *kreukamaz | *kreukaim | — | *kreukandai | *kreukaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *kriukid | *kreukaid | *kriukid | *kreukandai | *kreukaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *kreukandi | *kreukain | *kreukandau | *kreukandai | *kreukaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *krauk | *krukį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *krauht | *krukīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *krauk | *krukī | ||||
| 1st dual | *krukū | *krukīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *krukudiz | *krukīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *krukum | *krukīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *krukud | *krukīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *krukun | *krukīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *kreukandz | *krukanaz | ||||
Related terms
- *krukkōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *kreukan
- Old Norse: *krjúka
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: krjuke
- Norwegian Nynorsk: krjuke, krjuka
- Norwegian: