Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreukaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, the verb was associated by the Germanic tribes with the unrelated *kreupaną (to crawl) from an early stage. He suggests that the root final -k arose from an earlier geminate -kk, which was adopted from the iterative verb *krukkōną. Related to Old Irish gruc (wrinkle).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kreukaną[1]

  1. to fold, wrinkle
  2. to stoop, crawl

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kreukō *kreukaų *kreukai ?
2nd singular *kriukizi *kreukaiz *kreuk *kreukazai *kreukaizau
3rd singular *kriukidi *kreukai *kreukadau *kreukadai *kreukaidau
1st dual *kreukōz *kreukaiw
2nd dual *kreukadiz *kreukaidiz *kreukadiz
1st plural *kreukamaz *kreukaim *kreukandai *kreukaindau
2nd plural *kriukid *kreukaid *kriukid *kreukandai *kreukaindau
3rd plural *kreukandi *kreukain *kreukandau *kreukandai *kreukaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krauk *krukį̄
2nd singular *krauht *krukīz
3rd singular *krauk *krukī
1st dual *krukū *krukīw
2nd dual *krukudiz *krukīdiz
1st plural *krukum *krukīm
2nd plural *krukud *krukīd
3rd plural *krukun *krukīn
present past
participles *kreukandz *krukanaz
  • *krukkōną

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *kreukan
    • Old Frisian: *krūka
      • West Frisian: krûke
    • Old High German: kriochan
  • Old Norse: *krjúka
    • Norwegian:
      • Norwegian Bokmål: krjuke
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: krjuke, krjuka

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kreukan- ~ *krūkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304