Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nīþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *nīþą (“hate, envy, malice”) +‎ *-janą.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈniː.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*nīþijaną[1]

  1. to revile
  2. to despise

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *nīþijō *nīþijaų — *nīþijai ?
2nd singular *nīþīsi *nīþijais *nīþī *nīþijasai *nīþijaisau
3rd singular *nīþīþi *nīþijai *nīþijaþau *nīþijaþai *nīþijaiþau
1st dual *nīþijōs *nīþijaiw — — —
2nd dual *nīþijaþiz *nīþijaiþiz *nīþijaþiz — —
1st plural *nīþijamaz *nīþijaim — *nīþijanþai *nīþijainþau
2nd plural *nīþīþ *nīþijaiþ *nīþīþ *nīþijanþai *nīþijainþau
3rd plural *nīþijanþi *nīþijain *nīþijanþau *nīþijanþai *nīþijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *nīþidǭ *nīþidēdį̄
2nd singular *nīþidēz *nīþidēdīz
3rd singular *nīþidē *nīþidēdī
1st dual *nīþidēdū *nīþidēdīw
2nd dual *nīþidēdudiz *nīþidēdīdiz
1st plural *nīþidēdum *nīþidēdīm
2nd plural *nīþidēdud *nīþidēdīd
3rd plural *nīþidēdun *nīþidēdīn
present past
participles *nīþijandz *nīþidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *nīþijan
    • Old English: nīþan
    • Old Saxon: *nīthian
      • Middle Low German: nīden
    • Old Dutch: nīthen
      • Middle Dutch: niden
    • Old High German: nīden
      • Middle High German: nīden
  • Old Norse: níða
    • Icelandic: níða

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*nīþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 288
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