Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/plōgaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*plōguz

Etymology

Of disputed origin.

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸlowyos, *ɸlowī (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *plów-yo-s (“ship”), from the root *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Compare Albanian plor (“prow of a boat; ploughshare”).^[1]

Alinei also mentions the Latin plaumoratum (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 18.69), with the second element possibly relating to the family of Latin rota, Proto-Celtic *rotos and Proto-Germanic *raþą (“wheel”). Guus Kroonen has suggested a connection of the Germanic and the Latin words to *plehan (“to take responsibility, care”) (“to care for one’s life” > “to plow”); compare Old High German pfluog (“livelihood”) and Icelandic plógur, plóg (“profit”), which could nevertheless point as well to the opposite morpho-semantic evolution. Otherwise he proposes a connection with Proto-Germanic *plag/kkōn- (“rag, sod”), which seems a bit far-fetched.^[2]

Noun

*plōgaz m^[2]

plough

Inflection

Declension of *plōgaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*plōgaz	plōgōz, plōgōs
vocative	*plōg	plōgōz, plōgōs
accusative	*plōgą	*plōganz
genitive	plōgas, plōgis	*plōgǫ̂
dative	*plōgai	*plōgamaz
instrumental	*plōgō	*plōgamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *plōg
- Old English: plōg, plōh
  - Middle English: plough, ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch, plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu (northern)
    - English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)
    - Scots: pleuch, plou
    - Yola: pleough, plowe, plou
- Old Frisian: plōch
  - North Frisian: plog
  - Saterland Frisian: Plouch
  - West Frisian: ploech
- Old Saxon: *plōg
  - Middle Low German: plôg
    - Low German: Ploog
    - Plautdietsch: Pluach, Plüach
- Old Dutch: *pluog
  - Middle Dutch: ploech
    - Dutch: ploeg
      - Afrikaans: ploeg
    - Limburgish: plógk
- Old High German: phluog, pfluog
  - Middle High German: pfluoc
    - Central Franconian: Plooch, Pluuch (southern Moselle Franconian)
      Hunsrik: Plugh
      Luxembourgish: Plou
    - East Central German:
      Vilamovian: fłüg
    - East Franconian:
    - German: Pflug
    - Rhine Franconian: Plug
- → Medieval Latin: plōvum, ploum^[3]
- → Proto-Slavic: *plùgъ (see there for further descendants)
- → Lithuanian: plū̃gas
Old Norse: plógr
- Icelandic: plógur m
- Faroese: plógv f or n
- Norn: plu
- Norwegian Bokmål: plog m
- Norwegian Nynorsk: plog m
- Old Swedish: plōgher
  - Swedish: plog c
- Old Danish: plogh
  - Danish: plov c
- Elfdalian: pluog
- Gutnish: plog
- → Middle English: plouh, plugh, plough, plouw, plow (partially)
  - English: plough

References

^ Alinei, Mario (2000), Origini delle lingue d’Europa, vol. 2, Bologna: Il Mulino, page 567 ff.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*plōga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 398
^ "ploum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

[1] Alinei, Mario (2000), Origini delle lingue d’Europa, vol. 2, Bologna: Il Mulino, page 567 ff.

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*plōga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 398

[3] "ploum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

[1]

[2]

[3]