Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rīsaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti, from *h₁rey- (“to rise”) +‎ *-(h₁)seti (“desiderative imperfect verbal suffix”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈriː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*rīsaną^[2]^[3]

to scale; move vertically (either up or down)
to rise

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*rīsō	*rīsaų	—	*rīsai	?
2nd singular	*rīsizi	*rīsaiz	*rīs	*rīsazai	*rīsaizau
3rd singular	*rīsidi	*rīsai	*rīsadau	*rīsadai	*rīsaidau
1st dual	*rīsōz	*rīsaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*rīsadiz	*rīsaidiz	*rīsadiz	—	—
1st plural	*rīsamaz	*rīsaim	—	*rīsandai	*rīsaindau
2nd plural	*rīsid	*rīsaid	*rīsid	*rīsandai	*rīsaindau
3rd plural	*rīsandi	*rīsain	*rīsandau	*rīsandai	*rīsaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*rais	*rizį̄
2nd singular	*raist	*rizīz
3rd singular	*rais	*rizī
1st dual	*rizū	*rizīw
2nd dual	*rizudiz	*rizīdiz
1st plural	*rizum	*rizīm
2nd plural	*rizud	*rizīd
3rd plural	*rizun	*rizīn

	present	past
participles	*rīsandz	*rizanaz

Derived terms

*raisō
- Proto-West Germanic: *raisu
*raizijaną

Related terms

*raisōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *rīsan
- Old English: rīsan
  - Middle English: risen
    - Scots: rise
    - English: rise
- Old Frisian: rīsa
  - Saterland Frisian: risa
    - Saterland Frisian: riese
  - West Frisian: rize
- Old Saxon: rīsan
  - Middle Low German: rîsen
    - German Low German: riesen
    - Low German: risen
- Old Dutch: *rīsan
  - Middle Dutch: risen
    - Dutch: rijzen
    - Limburgish: rieze
- Old High German: rīsan (“to fall”)
  - Middle High German: rīsen (“to fall, rise”)
    - German: reisen (“to fall”) (obsolete or dialectal)
Old Norse: rísa
- Icelandic: rísa
- Faroese: rísa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: risa, rise
- Old Swedish: rīsa
  - Swedish: risa
- Old Danish: resæ, risæ, (merged with rejse)
Gothic: *𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*reisan)
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (urreisan)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₁rei̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 252
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rīsan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 414
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*rīsanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₁rei̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 252

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rīsan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 414

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*rīsanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306

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