Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skakaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek- (“to shake, stir”), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (“to shake”).[1] See *skehaną (“to jump, emerge”) for more cognates.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈskɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skakaną[1][2][3]

  1. to swing
  2. to shake
  3. to escape

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skakō *skakaų — *skakai ?
2nd singular *skakizi *skakaiz *skak *skakazai *skakaizau
3rd singular *skakidi *skakai *skakadau *skakadai *skakaidau
1st dual *skakōz *skakaiw — — —
2nd dual *skakadiz *skakaidiz *skakadiz — —
1st plural *skakamaz *skakaim — *skakandai *skakaindau
2nd plural *skakid *skakaid *skakid *skakandai *skakaindau
3rd plural *skakandi *skakain *skakandau *skakandai *skakaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skōk *skōkį̄
2nd singular *skōht *skōkīz
3rd singular *skōk *skōkī
1st dual *skōkū *skōkīw
2nd dual *skōkudiz *skōkīdiz
1st plural *skōkum *skōkīm
2nd plural *skōkud *skōkīd
3rd plural *skōkun *skōkīn
present past
participles *skakandz *skakanaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *skakan
    • Old English: sċacan, sċeacan
    • Old Frisian: skeka
      • >? Saterland Frisian: skädje
      • West Frisian: schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje (obsolete)
    • Old Saxon: skakan
      • Middle Low German: *schaken
    • Old Dutch: *skakan
  • Old Norse: skaka (skakra)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “skakan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 438
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skakanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 332
  3. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “SKAK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 404
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