Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skukkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

An unetymological zero-grade iterative to *skakaną (“to shake”).^[1] Due to the frequency of iteratives appearing with zero-grade *-u- and o-grade *-a-, these vowels began to be used to create iteratives to roots where they were unwarranted.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskuk.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skukkōną

(West Germanic) to shake, move swiftly

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *skukk- against non-singular *skug-.

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skukkō	*skukkǭ	—	*skukkōi	?
2nd singular	*skukkōsi	*skukkōs	*skukkō	*skukkōsai	*skukkōsau
3rd singular	*skukkōþi	*skukkō	*skukkōþau	*skukkōþai	*skukkōþau
1st dual	*skukkōs	*skukkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skukkōþiz	*skukkōþiz	*skukkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*skukkōmaz	*skukkōm	—	*skukkōnþai	*skukkōnþau
2nd plural	*skukkōþ	*skukkōþ	*skukkōþ	*skukkōnþai	*skukkōnþau
3rd plural	*skukkōnþi	*skukkōn	*skukkōnþau	*skukkōnþai	*skukkōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skukkōdǭ	*skukkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*skukkōdēz	*skukkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*skukkōdē	*skukkōdēdī
1st dual	*skukkōdēdū	*skukkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*skukkōdēdudiz	*skukkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*skukkōdēdum	*skukkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*skukkōdēdud	*skukkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*skukkōdēdun	*skukkōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*skukkōndz	*skukkōdaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skukkōn
- Old English: *sċoccian
  - Middle English: schoggen, shoggen
    - English: shog, shock (obsolete), jog
- Old Saxon: *skokkōn, *skoggōn
  - Middle Low German: scokken, schocken, schoggen, schucken
- Old Dutch: *skokkon
  - Middle Dutch: schocken
    - Dutch: schokken
      - Afrikaans: skok
    - → Middle French: chocquer
      - French: choquer
      - → English: shock
- Old High German: *skohhōn
  - Middle High German: schocken
    - German: schocken

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skukk/gōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skukk/gōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450

[1]