Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sputtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *sputtą (“spit, spot”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈsput.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sputtijaną[1]

  1. to spit

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *sputtijō *sputtijaų — *sputtijai ?
2nd singular *sputtīsi *sputtijais *sputtī *sputtijasai *sputtijaisau
3rd singular *sputtīþi *sputtijai *sputtijaþau *sputtijaþai *sputtijaiþau
1st dual *sputtijōs *sputtijaiw — — —
2nd dual *sputtijaþiz *sputtijaiþiz *sputtijaþiz — —
1st plural *sputtijamaz *sputtijaim — *sputtijanþai *sputtijainþau
2nd plural *sputtīþ *sputtijaiþ *sputtīþ *sputtijanþai *sputtijainþau
3rd plural *sputtijanþi *sputtijain *sputtijanþau *sputtijanþai *sputtijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *sputtidǭ *sputtidēdį̄
2nd singular *sputtidēz *sputtidēdīz
3rd singular *sputtidē *sputtidēdī
1st dual *sputtidēdū *sputtidēdīw
2nd dual *sputtidēdudiz *sputtidēdīdiz
1st plural *sputtidēdum *sputtidēdīm
2nd plural *sputtidēdud *sputtidēdīd
3rd plural *sputtidēdun *sputtidēdīn
present past
participles *sputtijandz *sputtidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *sputtijan
    • Old English: spyttan, spittan
    • Old Saxon: *sputtian
      • Middle Low German: spütten
        • ⇒ German Low German: spüttern
          • →? Saterland Frisian: sputterje
    • Old Dutch: *sputten
      • Middle Dutch: *sputten
        • Dutch: sputten (dialectal)
        • ⇒ Dutch: sputteren
          • →? West Frisian: spitterje, sputterje
    • Old High German: *spuzzen
      • Middle High German: *spützen
        • German: spützen (dialectal)
  • Old Norse: spytta

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*sputtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 368
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