Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spīwatjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

  • *spūtijaną[1]

Etymology

From *spīwaną +‎ *-atjaną.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈspiː.u̯ɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*spīwatjaną

  1. to spit
  2. to spout

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1 j-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *spīwatjō *spīwatjaų — *spīwatjai ?
2nd singular *spīwatisi *spīwatjais *spīwati *spīwatjasai *spīwatjaisau
3rd singular *spīwatiþi *spīwatjai *spīwatjaþau *spīwatjaþai *spīwatjaiþau
1st dual *spīwatjōs *spīwatjaiw — — —
2nd dual *spīwatjaþiz *spīwatjaiþiz *spīwatjaþiz — —
1st plural *spīwatjamaz *spīwatjaim — *spīwatjanþai *spīwatjainþau
2nd plural *spīwatiþ *spīwatjaiþ *spīwatiþ *spīwatjanþai *spīwatjainþau
3rd plural *spīwatjanþi *spīwatjain *spīwatjanþau *spīwatjanþai *spīwatjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *spīwastǭ *spīwastēdį̄
2nd singular *spīwastēz *spīwastēdīz
3rd singular *spīwastē *spīwastēdī
1st dual *spīwastēdū *spīwastēdīw
2nd dual *spīwastēdudiz *spīwastēdīdiz
1st plural *spīwastēdum *spīwastēdīm
2nd plural *spīwastēdud *spīwastēdīd
3rd plural *spīwastēdun *spīwastēdīn
present past
participles *spīwatjandz *spīwatidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *spīwattjan
    • Old English:
      • Middle English: spouten
    • Old Dutch:
      • Middle Dutch: spoiten
    • Old High German: spīwezen, spūwezen, spiuwezen
      • Middle High German: spiutzen, spūtzen
        • German: speuzen (archaic)
        • Luxembourgish: späizen
  • Old Norse: spýta

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*spūtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 368
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