Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stammijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The causative to an unattested strong verb *stimmaną,[1] ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *stemH- (“to stutter, push”), whence also Latvian stumt (“to pull, push”).[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈstɑm.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stammijaną[1]

  1. to cause to slow, stop

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *stammijō *stammijaų — *stammijai ?
2nd singular *stammīsi *stammijais *stammī *stammijasai *stammijaisau
3rd singular *stammīþi *stammijai *stammijaþau *stammijaþai *stammijaiþau
1st dual *stammijōs *stammijaiw — — —
2nd dual *stammijaþiz *stammijaiþiz *stammijaþiz — —
1st plural *stammijamaz *stammijaim — *stammijanþai *stammijainþau
2nd plural *stammīþ *stammijaiþ *stammīþ *stammijanþai *stammijainþau
3rd plural *stammijanþi *stammijain *stammijanþau *stammijanþai *stammijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *stammidǭ *stammidēdį̄
2nd singular *stammidēz *stammidēdīz
3rd singular *stammidē *stammidēdī
1st dual *stammidēdū *stammidēdīw
2nd dual *stammidēdudiz *stammidēdīdiz
1st plural *stammidēdum *stammidēdīm
2nd plural *stammidēdud *stammidēdīd
3rd plural *stammidēdun *stammidēdīn
present past
participles *stammijandz *stammidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *stammijan
    • Old English: *stemman
      • Middle English: stemmen
      • ⇒ Old English: forstemman
    • Old Saxon: *stemmian
    • Old Dutch: *stemmen
    • Old High German: *stemmen
  • Old Norse: stemma

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stamma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473: “stammjan-”
  2. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “stem”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
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