Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stunōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ten- (to thunder, rustle, rumble, drone, groan).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈstu.nɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stunōną

  1. (West Germanic) to make a loud sound; crash
  2. (West Germanic) to thunder, rumble
  3. (West Germanic) to groan, moan

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *stunō *stunǭ *stunōi ?
2nd singular *stunōsi *stunōs *stunō *stunōsai *stunōsau
3rd singular *stunōþi *stunō *stunōþau *stunōþai *stunōþau
1st dual *stunōs *stunōw
2nd dual *stunōþiz *stunōþiz *stunōþiz
1st plural *stunōmaz *stunōm *stunōnþai *stunōnþau
2nd plural *stunōþ *stunōþ *stunōþ *stunōnþai *stunōnþau
3rd plural *stunōnþi *stunōn *stunōnþau *stunōnþai *stunōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *stunōdǭ *stunōdēdį̄
2nd singular *stunōdēz *stunōdēdīz
3rd singular *stunōdē *stunōdēdī
1st dual *stunōdēdū *stunōdēdīw
2nd dual *stunōdēdudiz *stunōdēdīdiz
1st plural *stunōdēdum *stunōdēdīm
2nd plural *stunōdēdud *stunōdēdīd
3rd plural *stunōdēdun *stunōdēdīn
present past
participles *stunōndz *stunōdaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *stunōn
    • Old English: stunian
      • >? Middle English: stonen, stone, stoynyn (probably from Anglo-Norman estoner)
        • English: stun
    • Old Saxon: *stunōn
    • Old Dutch: *stunōn, *stonōn
    • Old High German: *stunōn
      • Middle High German: stunen, stunden
    • Vulgar Latin: *stunō (alternatively from Latin *extonō, see there for further descendants)