Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tīdijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*tīdōną^[1]

Etymology

From *tīdiz (“time”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtiː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*tīdijaną^[2]

to strive for
to occur, happen

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*tīdijō	*tīdijaų	—	*tīdijai	?
2nd singular	*tīdīsi	*tīdijais	*tīdī	*tīdijasai	*tīdijaisau
3rd singular	*tīdīþi	*tīdijai	*tīdijaþau	*tīdijaþai	*tīdijaiþau
1st dual	*tīdijōs	*tīdijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*tīdijaþiz	*tīdijaiþiz	*tīdijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*tīdijamaz	*tīdijaim	—	*tīdijanþai	*tīdijainþau
2nd plural	*tīdīþ	*tīdijaiþ	*tīdīþ	*tīdijanþai	*tīdijainþau
3rd plural	*tīdijanþi	*tīdijain	*tīdijanþau	*tīdijanþai	*tīdijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*tīdidǭ	*tīdidēdį̄
2nd singular	*tīdidēz	*tīdidēdīz
3rd singular	*tīdidē	*tīdidēdī
1st dual	*tīdidēdū	*tīdidēdīw
2nd dual	*tīdidēdudiz	*tīdidēdīdiz
1st plural	*tīdidēdum	*tīdidēdīm
2nd plural	*tīdidēdud	*tīdidēdīd
3rd plural	*tīdidēdun	*tīdidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*tīdijandz	*tīdidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *tīdijan
- Old English: tīdan
  - Middle English: tiden, tide
    - English: tide, tiding
    - Scots: tide
- Old Frisian: tīdia (moved to the second weak class, possibly from a pre-form *tīdōn instead)
- Old Saxon: *tīdian
  - Middle Low German: tīden
- Old Dutch: *tīden
  - Middle Dutch: tiden
    - Dutch: tijen, tijden, tijgen (obsolete, possibly merged with the descendant of *teuhaną)
- Old High German: *zīten
  - Middle High German: zīten
  - ⇒ Old High German: gizīten
Old Norse: tíða
- Icelandic: tíða

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tīdi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 516: “*tīdōjan-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*tīđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 407

[Kroonen-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*tīdi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 516: “*tīdōjan-”

[Orel-2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*tīđjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 407

[1]

[2]