Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/werþaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wértti, from *wert- (“to turn”), with semantic shift "to turn" > "to become (turn into)".[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈwer.θɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*werþaną

  1. (transitive) to become
  2. (intransitive) to come to be, to come into existence
  3. (intransitive) to happen, to come about
  4. (auxiliary) used to form the passive voice, together with a past participle

Inflection

Conjugation of (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *werþō *werþaų — *werþai ?
2nd singular *wirþizi *werþaiz *werþ *werþazai *werþaizau
3rd singular *wirþidi *werþai *werþadau *werþadai *werþaidau
1st dual *werþōz *werþaiw — — —
2nd dual *werþadiz *werþaidiz *werþadiz — —
1st plural *werþamaz *werþaim — *werþandai *werþaindau
2nd plural *wirþid *werþaid *wirþid *werþandai *werþaindau
3rd plural *werþandi *werþain *werþandau *werþandai *werþaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *warþ *wurdį̄
2nd singular *warst *wurdīz
3rd singular *warþ *wurdī
1st dual *wurdū *wurdīw
2nd dual *wurdudiz *wurdīdiz
1st plural *wurdum *wurdīm
2nd plural *wurdud *wurdīd
3rd plural *wurdun *wurdīn
present past
participles *werþandz *wurdanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*werþan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 581-2
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