Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wilþijaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *welt-yo-s (“wild, savage”) (though Matasovic reconstructs the root as *gʷʰel-t-),^[1] and cognate with Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis (“wild; mad”) (Welsh gwyllt (“wild”), Irish gealt (“lunatic”)). Kroonen additionally suggests that the root is related to Proto-Germanic *walþuz (“forest”),^[2] perhaps via a Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool, grass, ear (of corn), forest”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwil.θi.jɑz/

Adjective

*wilþijaz

wild

Inflection

Declension of *wilþijaz (ja-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*wilþijaz	*wilþijō	*wilþiją, -atō	*wilþijai	*wilþijôz	*wilþijō
accusative	*wilþijanǭ	*wilþijǭ	*wilþiją, -atō	*wilþijanz	*wilþijōz	*wilþijō
genitive	*wilþijas, -īs	*wilþijaizōz	*wilþijas, -īs	*wilþijaizǫ̂	*wilþijaizǫ̂	*wilþijaizǫ̂
dative	*wilþijammai	*wilþijaizōi	*wilþijammai	*wilþijaimaz	*wilþijaimaz	*wilþijaimaz
instrumental	*wilþijanō	*wilþijaizō	*wilþijanō	*wilþijaimiz	*wilþijaimiz	*wilþijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*wilþijô	*wilþijǭ	*wilþijô	*wilþijaniz	*wilþijōniz	*wilþijōnō
accusative	*wilþijanų	*wilþijōnų	*wilþijô	*wilþijanunz	*wilþijōnunz	*wilþijōnō
genitive	*wilþīniz	*wilþijōniz	*wilþīniz	*wilþijanǫ̂	*wilþijōnǫ̂	*wilþijanǫ̂
dative	*wilþīni	*wilþijōni	*wilþīni	*wilþijammaz	*wilþijōmaz	*wilþijammaz
instrumental	*wilþīnē	*wilþijōnē	*wilþīnē	*wilþijammiz	*wilþijōmiz	*wilþijammiz

Related terms

*walþuz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wilþī
- Old English: wilde
  - Middle English: wild, wilde, wielde, wille, will
    - English: wild
    - Scots: wilth, wylde, wild, wile
- Old Frisian: wilde
  - Saterland Frisian: wíeld, wüüld
  - West Frisian: wyld
- Old Saxon: wildi
  - Middle Low German: wilde, wilt
    - Low German: wild
    - Plautdietsch: wilt
  - → Danish: vild
  - → Swedish: vild
- Old Dutch: wildi
  - Middle Dutch: wilde, wilt
    - Dutch: wild
      - Afrikaans: wild
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: weldri
      - Jersey Dutch: wäld
      - Negerhollands: wild, weeld, welt, willit, wil
    - Limburgish: wildj
- Old High German: wildi
  - Middle High German: wilde
    - Central Franconian: weld, well (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
      Hunsrik: wild
      Luxembourgish: wëll
    - Bavarian: wüd, wuid, wüld
    - Cimbrian: bill
    - German: wild
    - Vilamovian: wyłd
    - Yiddish: ווילד (vild)
Old Norse: villr
- Icelandic: villur
- Faroese: villur
- Norn: vill
- Norwegian: vill
- Old Swedish: viller
  - Swedish: vill
  - → Finnish: villi
- Gutnish: vildar, villar
- Scanian: vilðer
- ⇒ Danish: vild (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
- ⇒ Old Swedish: vilder (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
  - Swedish: vild
Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wilþeis)

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gʷelti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 145-6
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*welþja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 579

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gʷelti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 145-6

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*welþja-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 579

[1]

[2]