Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)merd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*h₂merd-^[1]^[2]

Root

*(s)merd-^[3]

to bite, to sting

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)merd- (10 c, 0 e)

*(s)merd- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *smertaną (“to hurt”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)márdati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdati
    - Sanskrit: मर्दति (márdati, “to pound, crush”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)mord-éye-ti or *h₂mord-éye-ti (iterative)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *mordejō (or *mordē(j)ō, from *(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti below)
  - Latin: mordeō (see there for further descendants)
*(s)mr̥d-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative or iterative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smirˀdḗˀtei (“to stink”)^{[note 1]} (see there for further descendants)
*(s)mr̥-né-d-ti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - >? Avestan: 𐬨𐬋𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬝 (mōrəṇdat̰, “to ruin, annihilate”)
    - ⇒? Old Persian: [script needed] (vi-mạr(n)datiy, “suppressed”)
*(s)merd-h₂ (collective)
- >? Proto-Italic: *(s)merdā^{[note 1]}
  - >? Latin: merda (“excrement”) (see there for further descendants)
*(s)mórd-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *smárˀdas (“stench”)^{[note 1]}
  - Latvian: smards
  - Lithuanian: smárdas
  - Proto-Slavic: *smȏrdъ (see there for further descendants)
*smerd-nós
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: σμερδνός (smerdnós)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: մարտ (mart)
    - Armenian: մարտ (mart)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: σμερδαλέος (smerdaléos)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: märtk
  - Tocharian B: märtk

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Alternatively from a separate root *(s)merd- (“to stink”), per De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “merda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “mordeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂merd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 280
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[n1-4] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Alternatively from a separate root *(s)merd- (“to stink”), per De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “merda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 374

[De_Vaan_2008-1] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “mordeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂merd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 280

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 1]