Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ébōl
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Connection with certain Indo-Iranian terms has been suggested:
- Pashayi wālī (perhaps < Proto-Indo-Aryan *abalikā-);
- Sogdian [script needed] (ʾmʾnk /āmang?/, “apple”), Munji [script needed] (āmenga), Yidgha [script needed] (amuno), Pashto مڼه (maná, “apple”), Shughni мӯн (mūn), му̊н (mū̊n, “apple”), all < Proto-Iranian *amarnaka- ~ *amarnā-, possibly reflecting earlier *abarna/ā- (via assimilation in nasality from *b..n to *m..n), ultimately from PIE *h₂ebe/ol-no/eh₂-. This hypothetical Proto-Iranian descendant might be the source of Proto-Finnic *omëna (“apple”) and Livonian umārz, displaying variation between coda *-n- and *-r- as would be expected from borrowing from a source with *-rn-.
There are several indications that the word for “apple” did not belong to the oldest layer of the Indo-European protolanguage:
- The word is limited to the West Indo-European languages
- It contains the phoneme */b/, which had marginal distribution in PIE
- It somewhat resembles the South European word for “apple” (PIE or pseudo-PIE *méh₂lom: Latin mālum, Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon)), which might suggest a substrate or wanderwort origin of both.
This all points that the word potentially entered the Indo-European speech continuum some time after the dissolution of the parent language.
Less substantiated theories and connections
- There are several proposed connections with Semitic. These are often posited in a framework of a theoretical Atlantic language with Semitic affinities, or by pointing out overlapping mythological motifs surrounding apples suggesting some kind of cultural sharing. This is the viewpoint marked by Dozy, Vennemann, Blažek, and others, typically with connections to the root ʾ-b-l, often with Arabic or South Semitic/Ethiopian comparisons. See Arabic أُبُلَّة (ʔubulla, “figs pressed in a mass”, literally “a bulk or mass”) an obscure term, أُبُل (ʔubul, “dry herbage upon which camels fatten”). Alternatively, an extension of Orel and Stolbova's reconstructive work, connecting back to an Afro-Asiatic root for appendages, genitals, testicles, a mass, globe or round object, still found in Ethiopian languages, potentially later being extended to fruit by comparison. Beyond proposed connections featuring /ʔ/, there are potential suggestions with /ʕ/: Arabic عَبْل (ʕabl, “a bulk or mass; applied to plant life, to be ripe for harvest or with full fruits, to be full of leaves and fruits”), Arabic عَبَال (ʕabāl, “Eglantine, Rosa rubiginosa, and similar plants; Rose Hip, bright red bulbous fruit, with a sweet or tart flavor like apples”), and Tigre ዖበል (ʿobäl, “Nile tamarisk, Tamarix nilotica”). To bolster this avenue and the distant relationship with Proto-Indo-European, the Laryngeal Theory reconstructs the /*h₂/ phoneme as a pharyngeal fricative consonant, basing comparison of /ħ/ and /ʕ/ as an a-coloring phonetic conditioner in contemporary languages, most notably Semitic languages.
- Gamkrelidze and Ivanov argue that the Hittite cognate is 𒊭𒈠𒇻 (ša-ma-lu /šam(a)lu-/, “apple”), which renders the original PIE form as *samlu- (“apple”) or *(s)h₂eml- (“apple”). The original cluster *-ml- remained as such in Anatolian, but yielded *-bl- in the other IE languages which otherwise typically finds the phoneme */b/ rare or non-existing. Such a reconstruction is not attested but in a few roots, such as the dubiously constructed root *bel-/*mel-. The initial /s/ would be an example of the Proto-Indo-European s-mobile, not being necessary to appear in other descendants. The Hittite word is however paired with the Hattic 𒊭𒀀𒊀𒀜 (ša-a-waₐ-at /šawat/, “apple, apple tree”) with the usual Hattic /t/ = Hittite /l/ correspondence, easily being a potential borrowing from Hattic or vice versa. The form *(s)h₂eml- may also be connected via metathesis with Proto-Kartvelian *msxal- (“pear”); note in particular the unmetathesized *sxmarṭl- (“medlar”)
Reconstruction
Germanic stem variants *apal- and *apla- point to the originally archaic ablauting paradigm.
Alternative reconstructions
Noun
*h₂ébōl m
Inflection
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *h₂ébōl | ||
| genitive | *h₂blés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *h₂ébōl | *h₂ébolh₁(e) | *h₂éboles |
| vocative | *h₂ébol | *h₂ébolh₁(e) | *h₂éboles |
| accusative | *h₂ébolm̥ | *h₂ébolh₁(e) | *h₂ébolm̥s |
| genitive | *h₂blés | *? | *h₂blóHom |
| ablative | *h₂blés | *? | *h₂bl̥mós, *h₂bl̥bʰós |
| dative | *h₂bléy | *? | *h₂bl̥mós, *h₂bl̥bʰós |
| locative | *h₂bél, *h₂béli | *? | *h₂bl̥sú |
| instrumental | *h₂bléh₁ | *? | *h₂bl̥mís, *h₂bl̥bʰís |
Synonyms
- *méh₂lom (uncertain reconstruction and semantics)
Derived terms
- *ḱun-h₂ebōl-eh₂ f (“a kind of plant”, literally “dog's apple”)
- Lithuanian: šùnobelė
- Thracian: sinupyla, dinupula
- Dacian: κινούβοιλα (kinoúboila)
- >? Albanian: thënukël
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ā́ˀbōl (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *abūl (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *aplaz, *apluz (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Oscan: *Abella (toponym)
Further reading
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 25f
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 712f
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “apla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 31f
- Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European root for ‘apple’ and the problem of comparative reconstruction”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia[2], volume 19, number 3, , →ISSN, pages 161–167
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*abalo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 23