Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewg-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewgʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Apparently originally the same root as the synonymous *bʰegʷ-.^[1]

Root

*bʰewg-^[2]^[3]^[4]

to flee
Synonym: *bʰegʷ-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewg- (flee) (7 c, 0 e)

*bʰéwg-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰéugō
  - Ancient Greek: φεύγω (pheúgō)
    - Greek: φεύγω (févgo)
*bʰug-é-t (thematic root aorist)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔφυγον (éphugon)
*bʰug-yé-ti (yé-present)
- Proto-Italic: *fugiō
  - Latin: fugiō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰyáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *bauǰ, *bauxtah
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “to save, redeem”)
    - Bactrian: βογ- (bog-, “to save”)
    - Baluchi: بوج- (bōǰ-, “to open”)
    - Kurdish: (perhaps)
      Central Kurdish: بووژانەوە (bûjanewe /⁠būžānawa⁠/), بووژێ- (bûjê- /⁠būžē-⁠/, “to revive”)
    - Parthian: (/⁠buxtan, bōž-⁠/, “to free, liberate, save”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫋- (bwj-)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠buxtan, bōz-⁠/, “to free, liberate, save”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫗 (bwxtn), 𐫁𐫇𐫉- (bwz-)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwc-)
*bʰug-éh₂
*bʰug-tos
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: fugitus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰauǰtás
  - Proto-Iranian: *bauxtah, > *bauxtakah
    - Ossetian: (“open (of space), not enclosed, laid bare”)
      Digor Ossetian: бугъдӕг (buǧdæg)
      
      Iron Ossetian: быгъдӕг (byǧdæg)
    - Parthian: (/⁠buxt, buxtag⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤 (bwxt), 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫃 (bwxtg)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠buxt, buxtag⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤 (bwxt), 𐫁𐫇𐫟𐫤𐫃 (bwxtg)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwht'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwhtk')

References

^ Grigoraș, Mihai (2016) “Why did φόβος mean φυγή in Homeric Greek?”, in M.-L. Dumitru Oancea, A.-C. Halichias and N.-A. Popa, editors, Expressions of Fear from Antiquity to the Contemporary World, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, pages 33–40
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *bʰeu̯g- “entfliehen, freikommen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*bauǰ²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 18-19

Etymology 2

Root

*bʰewg-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to enjoy, benefit

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewg- (enjoy) (26 c, 0 e)

*bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰunákti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰunákti
    - Sanskrit: भुनक्ति (bhunákti, “to be of use”, active), भुन्क्ते (bhuṅkté, “to enjoy”, middle)^[5]
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *fungōr (“to perform, function”)
  - Latin: fungor^[2]
- ⇒ Proto-Armenian:
  - ⇒ Old Armenian: բուծանեմ (bucanem, “to nourish”)
    - Armenian: բուծել (bucel, “to breed, cultivate”)
- ⇒? Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (“to reap, break”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰe-bʰówg-e ~ *bʰe-bʰug-ḗr (perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰubʰuǰáy
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bubʰuȷ́áy
    - Sanskrit: बुभुजे (bubhujé)
*bʰéwg-ti-s ~ *bʰug-téy-s
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բուտ (but, “nourishment”)^[7]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuktiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuktiṣ
    - Sanskrit: भुक्ति (bhukti, “enjoyment”)
*bʰéwg-s (or only originating in Indo-Iranian)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰúkš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰúkṣ
    - Sanskrit: भुज् (bhúj, “enjoyment”), भुक् (bhúk, nom. sg)
  - Proto-Iranian: *búkš
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬘 (būj, “atonement”)^[3]

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwkšnas
- Proto-Iranian: *báwxšnas
  - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬊𐬑𐬱𐬥𐬀 (baoxšna, “refreshment”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Iranian:
  - Khotanese: 𑀩𑀽𑀚𑁆𑀲𑀦 (būjsana, “feasting”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *bʰeu̯g- “jmdm. nützen, Nutzen bringen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84f.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fungor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 250
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “bhoj [2]-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHOJ²”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 105
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHOJ²”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 275f.
^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*bu-n-g-e/o-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 238-40
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 187

[1] Grigoraș, Mihai (2016) “Why did φόβος mean φυγή in Homeric Greek?”, in M.-L. Dumitru Oancea, A.-C. Halichias and N.-A. Popa, editors, Expressions of Fear from Antiquity to the Contemporary World, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, pages 33–40

[LIVa-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *bʰeu̯g- “entfliehen, freikommen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84

[Ringe_2006-3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*bauǰ²”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 18-19

[LIVb-5] 1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *bʰeu̯g- “jmdm. nützen, Nutzen bringen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84f.

[EDL-6] 2.0 ^2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fungor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 250

[IAIL-7] 3.0 ^3.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “bhoj [2]-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[8] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHOJ²”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 105

[9] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “BHOJ²”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[3] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 275f.

[10] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*bu-n-g-e/o-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 238-40

[11] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 187

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